5:00 PM-7:00 PM
Standing Committees
Finance Investment Subcommittee
Forum 3 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(4/0)
5:00 PM-7:00 PM
Standing Committees
Finance Planning Subcommittee
Forum 4 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/8) Electric
8:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
GGAC: Training
Messina (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/10) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Committee
(30/15) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Committee
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/15) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Finance Committee
Consul BR (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/15) Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards: Executive Committee
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/10 )Screen/Electric
8:30 AM-9:30 AM
Standing Committees
Student Activities Centralized Training
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/5) Screen/Electric
9:00 AM-11:00 AM
Standing Committees
UNEP ASHRAE Coordinating Committee
Modena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/6) Screen
9:30 AM-11:30 AM
Standing Committees
Student Activities Executive
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/5 )Screen/Electric
10:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
GGAC: Executive
Messina (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/10) Screen/Electric
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Standing Committees
Planning Committee Subcommittee
Genoa (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/0)
11:00 AM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
Director and Regional Chairs
Trevi (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/20)
12:00 PM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
StdC Training Adhoc
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/10) Screen/Electric
12:00 PM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Activities K-12/STEM
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/5) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-2:30 PM
Standing Committees
GGAC: Active Outreach Subcommittee
Messina (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/10) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-2:30 PM
Standing Committees
GGAC: Responsive Engagement Subcommittee
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/10) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-2:30 PM
Standing Committees
RAC Excom
Forum 5 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(6/0) Screen
1:00 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Conferences and Expositions Executive
Pompeian III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/5)
1:00 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
YEA Subcommittees
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/0) Electric
1:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards: ILS/ISAS
Abruzzi (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/3) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-5:00 PM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Member Services
Genoa (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/15) Screen
1:00 PM-5:00 PM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Operations
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/15) Screen
1:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Membership Promotion Subcommittees
Pompeian IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/10) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Planning
Florentine II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(21/40) Screen/Electric
2:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Activities ABET
Capri (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/5) Screen/Electric
2:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Activities Post High
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/5) Screen/Electric
2:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Research Promotion Executive
Forum 19 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0)
2:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards: PPIS
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(6/10) Screen/Electric
2:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards: SPLS
Calabria (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen/Electric
2:45 PM-3:45 PM
Standing Committees
GGAC: MBO #3 Ad Hoc Committee
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/10) Screen/Electric
2:45 PM-3:45 PM
Standing Committees
GGAC: MBO #7 Ad Hoc Committees
Messina (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/10) Screen/Electric
3:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Conferences and and Expositions Annual and Winter Meetings
Pompeian III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/5)
3:00 PM-7:00 PM
Standing Committees
Research Administration Committee
Forum 5 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/20) Screen/Electric
4:00 PM-5:00 PM
Standing Committees
GGAC: MBO #6 Ad Hoc Committee
Messina (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/10) Screen/Electric
4:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Activities Design Competition
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/5) Screen/Electric
4:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Activities Grants
Capri (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/5) Screen/Electric
5:15 PM-6:30 PM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Mixer
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(37/15) Screen
7:00 AM-8:00 AM
Standing Committees
TAC/Standing Committee Executive Interface
Pompeian III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/20) Screen/Electric
7:30 AM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
Research Promotion
Sicily (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/5)
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Executive Subcommittee
Trevi (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/0) Screen
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Certification
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/12)Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Members Council Planning Subcommittee
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/10) Electric
8:00 AM-12:15 PM
Standing Committees
Grassroots Government Advocacy Committee
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(35/30) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards Committee
Florentine II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/20) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Conferences and Expositions Committee
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/10) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Research Administration Committee
Pompeian IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/20) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Activities Committee
Capri (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/10) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Technical Activities Committee
Pompeian III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/20) Screen /Electric
8:00 AM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Young Engineers in ASHRAE Committee
Messina (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/15) Electric
8:00 AM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Membership Promotion
Pompeian I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(24/15) Screen/Electric
8:30 AM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
Executive Committee
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/22) Screen/Electric
9:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Chapter Technology Transfer Committee
Trevi (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/15) Screen/Electric
10:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Publications Planning Subcommittee
Consul BR (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/5)
11:00 AM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
bEQ Methodology
Genoa (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/5) Screen/Electric
11:00 AM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Electronic Communications Committee
Forum 12 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(13/10) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Handbook Excom
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/5)
1:00 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Publishing and Education Council E-Learning
Forum 13 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/0) Screen
1:00 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
bEQ Marketing
Genoa (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/5) Screen/Electric
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
ASHRAE Foundation Executive Subcommittee
Sicily (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/5) Electric
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Welcome and Orientation
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(300/0) Screen
2:00 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Handbook Strategic Planning
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/5)
2:00 PM-3:00 PM
Standing Committees
Research Promotion Subcommittee
Venice (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0)
3:15 PM-5:30 PM
Keynote
Plenary Session: Keynote Speaker Adam Stelzner
Palace III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Award-winning rocket scientist, Adam Steltzner is recognized as one of NASA’s most brilliant engineers and most unique individuals. At 20, he was an aspiring rock star on his way home from a gig, when he noticed that the constellation of Orion had shifted from where it was hours before. That was all it took to spark his curiosity and desire to know everything about the laws that govern the universe, leading him to return to school, earn a Ph.D., and by 35, he was an engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratories.
For 10 years, Steltzner led a team of engineers inventing, designing, testing and retesting the revolutionary “sky crane” landing system that successfully placed the Mars rover, Curiosity, on the Martian surface in 2012. Five times heavier than its predecessors, Curiosity required an entirely new landing system for the perilous 7-minute phase when the one-ton rover—entering Martian atmosphere at 13,000 mph—must stop fully on the surface.
To inspire attendees at the kickoff session, Steltzner discusses the power of human curiosity, the importance of fostering a culture of collaborative innovation and proves that with the “right kind of crazy," we can significantly expand boundaries and achieve the impossible. His insight and journey are captured in his book, The Right Kind of Crazy: A True Story of Teamwork, Leadership and High Stakes Innovation, released in 2016.
5:00 PM-6:30 PM
Standing Committees
Student/YEA Mixer
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(300/0)
7:00 AM-8:00 AM
Standing Committees
Appointments Roadmap
Trevi (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(22/0) Screen/Electric
7:00 AM-8:00 AM
Standing Committees
Refrigeration Excom
Capri (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen
7:30 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Nominating
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(48/0) Electric
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Forum 1
10 Minute Opportunities for Industrial Refrigeration Efficiency Improvement
Energy Efficient Industrial Buildings
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Daniel Dettmers, IRC U.W. Madison
Technical Committee: 10.8 Refrigeration Load Calculations
CoSponsor: 10.1 Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems
Section 10 presents a lightning round of multiple 10 minute presentations to help you reduce the energy consumption of your refrigeration system.
Presentations will include: Dealing with Infiltration, Raising your Suction Pressure, Proper Application of Demand Shifting, VFD's on Evaporators, Doing Defrost Right!
To add to the excitement, each speaker is limited to 5 slides and 10 minutes of time before the grim reaper slices them from the stage. Listen to them talk and watch them sweat as the clock ticks down. At the end, the crowd will decide who has the winning presentation.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 1
ASHRAE's New Duct Size Calculator Tool: Where It Came From and How to Use It
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Iain Walker, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Sponsor: Residential Buildings Committee
ASHRAE has recently developed a new duct calculator tool that uses the results of ASHRAE Research to provide ASHRAE members with better ways to size/design duct systems - particularly for flexible ducts. This workshop briefly discusses the research behind the new tool and provide demonstrations and examples of how to use it.
1 Research Background for ASHRAE's New Duct Calculator Tool
This presentation summarizes the ASHRAE sponsored research used to develop the new duct calculator tool. This includes a brief description of the experiments that were carried out and the results of those experiments.
2 Demonstration of ASHRAE's New Duct Design Tool
This presentation covers a brief history of flex duct research at LBNL and TAMU. Data is presented illustrating flex duct performance measurements at various compression levels followed by the averaged data that was used for the duct design tool. Illustrations from ducts installed in residential attics is also presented.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Conference Paper Session 1
Advancements in Ground Source Heat Pump Design
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Rachel Romero, P.E., NREL
Ground source heat pump (GSHP) designs have been used to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions throughout the world. This session explores issues that may arise in installation that could limit their effectiveness. The session includes a case study where simulation and observed energy savings differed and the lessons learned. The session also explores the potential to increase the effectiveness of GSHPs by using the built environment already around us. For example, are underground railways in urban environments an untapped heat resource?
1 The Potential for Integration of Ground Energy from Underground Railway Tunnels (LV-17-C001)
Heat networks can be an effective way of supplying low carbon heat to buildings. Current UK systems are largely based on fossil fuel Combined Heat and Power (CHP). Such systems may likely be unacceptable in the long term, if the levels of decarbonization visualized in the UK are to be attained. Heat networks are best suited to areas with high heat demand density such as big cities. This paper demonstrates that Underground Railways (UR) could be an attractive year round heat source and presents numerical investigations into the interactions between these systems.
2 Analysis of Heat Source Water Supply Network Between Two Buildings Utilizing Ground Heat and Exhaust Heat (LV-17-C002)
Ground source heat pump system can reduce energy consumption and CO2 emission of heating, cooling and hot water supply system in buildings. The capacity of ground heat exchanger is subjected to the restriction of the building or site area and this leads frequently to the situation where the amount of heat supply from ground heat source does not balance the heat demand by whole the building. A heat source water supply network was designed and installed between two actual buildings in Japan.
3 Metering Measurement Challenges and Monitoring of a Large Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System (LV-17-C003)
Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) have significant potential to reduce carbon emissions. The performance of heat pumps is highly dependent on their interaction with the ground and specifically the extraction and injection of the heat. A number of literature reviews has shown how the performance of GSHP systems vary in practice when compared to the theoretical aspects. This paper provides detailed investigative work on heat metering installation difficulties and associated errors which affect the long term practical performance of GSHP systems and identifies a range of installation errors.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 1
Updating Scientific Evidence about the Effects of Low Humidity on People
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Raul Simonetti, Carel Industries SpA
Technical Committee: 5.11 Humidifying Equipment
Sponsor: TC 5.7, TC 9.6, SGPC 10, SSPC 62.1
CoSponsor: 2.1 Physiology and Human Environment
Humidity is often associated to negative concepts like mold and sicknesses related to high levels of moisture in indoor environments and this invariably leads to talks and solutions for reducing it tout court. But, is it really correct to reduce it with no minimum limit? This session sheds some light on the need of a minimum level of humidity for health, well-being and productivity.
1 RP–1630, “Update the Scientific Evidence for Specifying Lower Limit Relative Humidity Levels for Comfort, Health and IEQ in Occupied Spaces”
Nearly 600 papers were reviewed regarding the effects of humidity on comfort, health, and indoor environmental quality (IEQ), of which 70 focused on low humidity (RH40%) and were thoroughly analyzed. Low humidity had little effect on thermal comfort, but increased skin dryness, eye irritation, and static electricity. Low humidity increased the survival of some pathogens, e.g. influenza. Low humidity showed non-uniform effects on volatile organic compound emissions and indoor air quality. Temperature, ventilation rates and time were noted as confounding variables. Most studies with adults utilized exposure times of maximum three hours; few studies used children, adolescents or elderly subjects.
2 40 Is the New 20, Balanced Air-Hydration for Health!
Today, humidification is used primarily to protect materials and aid in manufacturing processes. However, data tells us that proper air hydration is also essential for our health. People resist short term dehydration by thirst-prompted (dry mouth) fluid intake. Conversely, chronic dehydration from water evaporation through skin and respiratory tissues in dry indoor air is unperceivable, yet has dire health consequences. Dry indoor air decreases our resistance to infections and allergies while providing a perfect environment to enhance microorganisms' infectivity and dissemination. This seminar presents new and existing data on the health benefits of proper air humidification.
3 Limiting Criteria for Human Exposure to Low Humidity
|
Pawel Wargocki, PhD, Technical University of Denmark
|
ASHRAE research project “Limiting criteria for human exposure to low humidity” was conducted in 2001-2002 at the Technical University of Denmark. The impact of humidity on comfort and working performance was measured subjectively and objectively at 5%rh, 15%rh, 25%rh and 35%rh at 22°C (71.6°F) and at 18°C, 22°C and 26°C at 2.4 g/kg. The effect of low humidity was observed at both clean and polluted indoor environment. The results found that low humidity had negative impact on mucous quality and working performance that requires visual attention. Some interactions between low humidity and air pollution on dryness symptoms were observed.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 2
Optimization of Direct AC Systems with Low GWP Refrigerants
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Martin Dieryckx, Daikin Europe NV
Sponsor: Refrigeration Committee
In view of the requirement to reduce the climate impact of refrigerants, several refrigerants are proposed for use in direct expansions air-conditioning systems. There are test programs such as AREP and PRAHA to evaluate some of the solutions. The results of these tests do not always give the straight answer that we expect. How should we read these results and what parameters are most important to decide the refrigerant for the specific application. This workshop has the target to give a better insight how the next generation refrigerant can be decided for direct expansion AC equipment.
1 Study on Properties of Low GWP Refrigerants
This study explains the differences in thermo-physical and other properties of alternatives that affect performance of direct (Air cooled) AC system. Thermo-physical cycle, pressure losses, heat transfer and thermal losses are discussed. Reasonable saturation pressure of refrigerant is necessary to avoid poor energy efficiency.
2 Analysis of Test Results on Low GWP Refrigerants
Test results with new refrigerants in actual systems vary considerably leading to initial uncertainty about the relative merits of the new fluids. Factors that influence measured performance as compared to theoretical expectations are presented and their relative impact and sensitivity is discussed.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 3
Sitting Around Collecting Dust: Evaluating Industrial Dust Collector Performance
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Geoff Crosby, Lydall
Technical Committee: 5.4 Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control)
ASHRAE Standard 199 was published in June 2016 to evaluate the performance of industrial pulse-cleaned dust collectors. This workshop reviews Standard 199, the research that led to this methodology, and explore actual performance data. This method of test applies to bag, cartridge, or envelope industrial dust collectors that recondition the filter media by using pulses of compressed air to discharge the dust cake from the filter media. Attendees will learn how the test evaluates dust collector performance in terms of energy consumption and particulate emissions.
1 Standard 199: Ashes to Ashes, Dust to Dust?
ASHRAE Standard 199 was published in June 2016 to evaluate the performance of industrial pulse-cleaned dust collectors. The workshop covers development of this standard, and its progress to a new ISO standard. This method of test applies to bag, cartridge, or envelope industrial dust collectors that recondition the filter media by using pulses of compressed air to discharge the dust cake from the filter media. Attendees will learn how the test evaluates dust collector performance in terms of energy consumption and particulate emissions.
2 Dusting Off Some Research: From RP-1284 to Standard 199 Test Results
Research Project 1284 provided foundational research for evaluating dust collector performance. Speakers discuss that research and its conclusions, and how those conclusions were applied to ASHRAE Standard 199. The workshop also looks at some actual test data from tests using Standard 199 to explain results.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 4
What Is Renewable Energy?
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Kevin Brown, P.E., The Linc Group
Technical Committee: 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
This workshop attempts to define renewable energy from several different perspectives (government, industry, society). Additionally, it reviews real world examples of what qualifies for renewable energy credits according to different jurisdictions around the world.
1 PV Systems Cannot Be Attached to the Grid and Other Renewable Energy Myths
Integration of renewable energy systems with the buildings is a mystery to many. Questions about net metering, batteries, peak savings, renewable energy certificates abound as many consider how to reduce their environmental footprint with renewables. One identified barrier is a relatively low working knowledge of the technologies—both wind and solar. This presentation provides an engineer’s perspective on application of these two renewable energy sources in the building sector. It will also provide information on the benefits and challenges associated with metering, renewable energy certificates, resiliency, and cost-effectiveness.
2 The Role of Biomass in a Renewable Energy Future
Biomass is defined in detail; legally and practically, and reviewed for its role in renewable energy. The abundance of biomass, and its many readily available forms is examined as well as the advantages of its use, particularly for heating and cooling. Options for converting biomass to energy such as methane digesters, wood combustion, trash to energy, and biomass gasification will be provided. The impacts of using biomass instead of fossil energy sources is also explored.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 5
What Should Be in a New Applications Handbook Chapter Covering Semi-Conductor and Nano-Technology Facilities
Fundamentals and Applications
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Michael Connor, P.E., WSP
Technical Committee: 9.2 Industrial Air Conditioning
CoSponsor: 9.11 Clean Spaces
Currently the ASHRAE Handbook, Applications volume contains chapters that affect the design of components of semi-conductor and nano-technology facilities. There is no chapter currently that pulls all of it together. What is lacking in the other chapters that can be addressed in a high level chapter discussing these facilities?
1 Safety Aspects of Semi-Conductor Facilities
ASHRAE members are being asked in the design of systems to consider the safety aspects of systems. Semi-conductor and Nano-technology facilities are among some of the most dangerous facilities that ASHRAE membership may encounter. Should a new chapter be developed for these facilities and should the methodology for assessing risk and developing mitigating factors be a significant portion of that chapter?
2 Beyond Supply and Exhaust: What Else Should We be Concerned with in Semi-Conductor Facilities?
ASHRAE members are typically concerned with supply and exhaust systems in Semi-conductor facilities. However there are many other areas that can affect the performance of HVAC equipment. Should a Handbook Chapter dedicated specifically to Semi-conductor and Nano-technology facilities be created to address these concerns beyond clean room design and industrial gas cleaning?
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook Electronic Media
Pompeian I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/0)
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook Functional
Senate BR (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/0)
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook International
Consul BR (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(5/0)
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook Training Workshop
Turin (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(50/0) Screen
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Members Council Region Operations Subommittee
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/10) Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Publications Committee
Campania (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/10) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Refrigeration Committee
Capri (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen
8:30 AM-9:30 AM
Standing Committees
Residential Building Committee: Conferences Subcomittee
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/5)
8:30 AM-11:30 AM
Standing Committees
Building Energy Quotient Committee
Forum 13 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/15) Screen/Electric
8:30 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Historical Committee
Venice (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/0) Screen
9:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
College of Fellows: Advisory Committee
Sicily (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/5)
9:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook 2018 Refrigeration TCs/Volume Subcommittee
Forum 19 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/0)
9:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook 2019 HVAC Applications TCs/Volume Subcommittee
Forum 3 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/0)
9:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook 2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment TCs/Volume Subcommittee
Forum 18 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/0)
9:00 AM-11:00 AM
Standing Committees
ASHRAE/AHRI Joint Expo
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/10) Electric
9:00 AM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Student Program
Milano I-IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(400/0) Screen
9:30 AM-10:30 AM
Standing Committees
Residential Building Committee: Programs Subcommittee
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/5)
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 2
ASHRAE Conference Crash Course
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Stephanie Kunkel, JMT
Sponsor: YEA, CEC
First time at an ASHRAE Conference? Been coming for years, but still confused? What is a TC? What is a Standing Committee? Who can attend what? What is the AHR Expo? And why is all this happening at once? This crash course provides you with an introduction to all the ASHRAE Conference activities, explains how you can get involved, and allows you to ask questions to experienced attendees.
1 The Ins and Outs of ASHRAE
2 Make the Most of Your Conference Experience
Now that you’ve got your bearings and know the difference between a TC and a TG, this seminar tells you about the softer side of ASHRAE. You’ll find out what social events you shouldn’t miss and how to make the most of your conference experience.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 2
Modern Optimization Techniques for Hydronic Systems in Data Centers
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Adrian Wallace, Johnson Controls
This session discusses several case studies and applications investigating energy consumption and savings techniques for data centers. While addressing the environmental impact of data centers and how to reduce their carbon footprint, the session considers the life cycle approach to data center operation and further the conversation by considering various types of cooling systems available, their configurations and the layout of the space being served in order to most effectively and efficiently maintain that mission critical space.
1 Energy and Water Environmental Trade-Offs of Data Center Cooling Technologies (LV-17-C004)
Historically, the rising cost of energy has been a huge driver for data center energy efficiency, and the contribution of this consumption to climate change is ever more evident. As the industry begins to look beyond energy consumption, it has become aware that environmental impact derives not just from energy consumption, but also from our use of natural resources. To ensure optimization measures do not cause a burden shift, these interdependent issues should not be considered in isolation. Data centers consume energy to power and cool IT equipment. Current optimization efforts largely focus on the operation of cooling technologies.
2 Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System for Water Savings in an Energy-Efficient HPC Data Center: Modeling and Installation (LV-17-C005)
The Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System (TCHS) integrates the control of a dry heat rejection device, the Thermosyphon Cooler (TSC), with an open cooling tower. This new heat rejection system embraces a “smart use of water,” using evaporative cooling when it is most advantageous and then saving water and modulating towards increased dry sensible cooling as system operations and ambient weather conditions permit. Johnson Controls partnered with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) along with Sandia National Laboratories to deploy the TSC as a test bed at NREL’s high-performance computing (HPC) data center in the first half of 2016.
3 Case Study:Using Simulation Techniques to Optimize Migrations in an Existing Mission Critical Data Center (LV-17-C006)
Citi operates and maintains Data Center space in (3) floors 6, 7 and 8 at the 390 Greenwich street facility. This paper focuses on the 7th and 8th floors. The 8th floor data center comprises approximately 15,000 sq ft (1,500m2) with a power consumption of 500kW, and the 7th floor data center approximately 41,000 sq ft and a power consumption of 1,980kW. The major consumers of energy are the IT equipment, Electrical distribution gear and Cooling equipment. This paper details a study to evaluate the existing conditions of these spaces, and proposals to change to the IT layout, and cooling configuration.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 3
Hydronic Water Flow Measurement
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Mark Hegberg, Hegberg & Associates
This session covers the fundamentals surrounding water flow measurement in hydronic systems. Why, how, what. Hydronic systems (chilled water, heating hot water, or condenser water) are effectively a HVAC transmission. Pumps, pipes and valves make-up the envelop and their effectiveness can be measured by the volume flow rate of water in the pipe. We measure flow rate through pressure drop - such as valves, orifices, venturis, equipment losses; by pump curve; and with throughput measurement equipment such as ultrasonic and magnetic meters. The merits and practicalities of each are covered here.
1 Hydronic Water Flow Measurement: Part 1
This presentation covers the fundamentals surrounding water flow measurement in hydronic systems. Why, how, what. Hydronic systems (chilled water, heating hot water, or condenser water) are effectively a HVAC transmission. Pumps, pipes, and valves make-up the envelop and their effectiveness can be measured by the volume flow rate of water in the pipe. Flow rate is measured through pressure drop - such as valves, orifices, venturis, equipment losses; by pump curve; and with throughput measurement equipment such as ultrasonic and magnetic meters. The merits and practicalities of each are covered.
2 Submetering By Using Pumps
Submetering is recognized as a mean to optimize building performance, but can be expensive to implement. New electronically controlled pumps, which need to be there in any case, have a lot of built in functionalities which can be used for submetering. These functionalities were initially developed to control the pump itself, but are today interfacing with the BMS system to optimize building performance. This presentation gives an overview of measurement signals, which are typically available from an electronically controlled pump, the accuracy of these signals and how they can be used for submetering.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 4
Indoor Air Quality and Desiccants
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Technical Committee: 8.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components
This seminar discusses the use of desiccant dehumidification systems in yielding better indoor air quality. This session also includes information on the significant energy savings to be gained with the provided systems. The three speakers give insight and data to demonstrate the advantages. They discuss the health and IAQ benefits that will occur with these systems and the energy savings aspects. The presentations also provide descriptions of field installed tests for energy and IAQ performance.
1 Indoor Air Quality and Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification
With the inception of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) and ever more energy efficient building structures there is an increased focus on the quality of air within the built environment. The desiccant solutions, LiCl and CaCl₂, used with the LDD technology are extremely germicidal. Any microorganism contacting the solution is eradicated. The critical nature of the Healthcare environment is paramount in respect to IAQ. A focus on the application of LDD within Healthcare settings will be presented, specifically the impact upon pathogens associated with Healthcare acquired infections.
2 Field Operation of a Liquid-Desiccant DX Air Conditioner for High Latent Applications
Two novel, high latent, compressor-based air conditioners were operated at military installations during the 2015 summer under the Department of Defense’s Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). Both air conditioners use a liquid desiccant to more than double the latent cooling provided by a conventional air conditioner. Although tested in configuration where they processed an 85/15 mix of return and outdoor air, the high latent capacity of the air conditioners make them ideal candidates for treating 100% ventilation air. The seminar presentation will focus on the field-monitored performance of the prototypes and the positive impact they had on indoor comfort.
3 Field Test Results of an Air Conditioner with Liquid Desiccant Heat Exchangers
In the spring of 2016, a 20 ton pilot air conditioner was installed in the extreme climate of Jubail, Saudi Arabia. Liquid desiccant heat exchangers enable systems to condition air to the desired temperature and humidity in a single step. This is made possible because the supply air exiting these exchangers has a dew-point near or even below the evaporator temperature. A system model, used to design the system, predicts a 33% reduction in energy use compared to other available systems. This presentation provides a brief overview of the system design and compare the demonstrated and predicted performance.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 5
Blue Is the New Green: What Is the Water-Energy Nexus?
Water-Energy Nexus
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Nicole Olaes, Randall Lamb Associates, Inc.
In the U.S. water and energy are inescapably linked – both at large scale national and state electrical and water distribution systems, and at building scale systems that trade off on site electrical and water usage. These relationships are sometimes complex, but this seminar aims to deliver a basic understanding of the key issues at play with our current infrastructure and industry practices
1 Thirst for Power: Energy, Water and Human Survival
Although it is widely understood that energy and water are the world’s two most critical resources, their vital interconnections and vulnerabilities are less often recognized. This farsighted talk offers a new, holistic way of thinking about energy and water—a big picture approach that reveals the interdependence of the two resources, identifies the seriousness of the challenges, and lays out an optimistic approach with an array of solutions to ensure the continuing sustainability of both.
2 Bringing It Home: Overview of the Building Scale Water Energy Nexus
This presentation brings the water-energy nexus to the building scale discussing tradeoffs that are made on projects. For example, focusing on energy efficiency using evaporative cooling or irrigated landscape for shading saves electricity locally, but at a higher water use which, in turn uses energy at a municipal level to treat and pump that water. Conversely, air-cooled equipment eliminates cooling tower water use, but at lower efficiency therefore using more electricity which uses water at the power plant. Similar to the “site” versus “source” discussion for energy use, the water energy nexus brings this consideration to water use.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 6
Recent Action in Evaporative Cooling
Water-Energy Nexus
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Mark Modera, Ph.D., P.E., University of California, Davis
Technical Committee: 5.7 Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling and the integration of water evaporation into vapor-compression air conditioning are key components of the water energy nexus. This seminar summarizes a body of current work that includes a direct analysis of the water consumption versus energy savings, a recent ASHRAE standard on evaporative pre-coolers for rooftop packaged equipment, numerous field studies of hybrid vapor-compression/evaporative-cooling equipment, and case studies of designs where the inclusion of indirect evaporative cooling reduced on-site water use.
1 Does Evaporative Cooling Make Sense in an Arid Climate?
Electricity generation generally consumes water, meaning energy efficiency reduces water consumption. Evaporative cooling offers substantial energy efficiency gains but consumes water on site, and the impact of evaporative cooling is largest in arid regions which are susceptible to droughts. Net water consumption for evaporative cooling depends on the regional generation mix, water quality, weather conditions, and the water-use efficiency for particular evaporative equipment. This presentation explores total water-use scenarios including a detailed analysis of a theoretical worst-case scenario where all water for evaporative cooling uses energy-intensive desalination, the results of which suggest that evaporative cooling is energy and cost effective.
2 Proposed ASHRAE Standard 212: Testing the Performance of Evaporative Pre-Coolers
Proposed ASHRAE Standard 212 is a Method of Test for determining the energy and peak electricity demand savings associated with adding evaporative pre-coolers to packaged HVAC equipment. The standard measures the evaporative effectiveness of a pre-cooler as a function of face velocity and weather conditions, as well as the water consumption required to produce that effectiveness. This presentation will discuss the current content of the standard, as well as the rationale for how and why different parameters are measured within the standard. It will also include preliminary test results for different pre-cooler technologies.
3 Performance of Indirect Evaporative and Hybrid Cooling Equipment: Findings from Laboratory and Field Testing
Several manufacturers have recently introduced hybrid vapor-compression/evaporative cooling solutions that incorporate the advantages of multiple cooling components into variable speed, multi-mode equipment. These technologies may utilize indirect evaporative cooling, exhaust air heat recovery, desiccant dehumidification (or other components) in combination with vapor compression. This presentation summarizes findings from several laboratory tests, and more than 30 monitored installations of different hybrid air conditioning solutions. It focuses on practical issues in design and commissioning that help ensure performance in operation. In most cases these strategies can reduce full-load cooling demand by more than 40%. Some systems deliver annual savings of 65% or more.
4 R-718 to the Rescue
With an increasing focus on use of refrigerants with a low GWP (Global Warming Potential), one such refrigerant muscling its way back onto the scene is R-718, better known to most by its chemical formula, H2O. This presentation focuses on two distinct uses of evaporative cooling technologies. The first case investigates DEC for a commercial office building. The second case investigates Indirect Evaporative Cooling for a laboratory building with stringent humidity control requirements. The results indicated combined chiller and fan energy savings greater than 60%. The IEC improved overall energy and water efficiency while providing significant first cost savings.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 7
Designing for the Future –Planning Today’s Buildings for Tomorrow’s Policies
Effects of Climate Change on HVAC&R
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Joseph Kilcoyne, P.E., SC Engineers, Inc.
Technical Committee: 1.4 Control Theory and Application
Organizations are choosing to commit to an increasing number of climate and sustainability goals and policies. How can we plan new facilities and modernizations to meet the unknown needs of the future? See how two organizations are meeting this challenge. The first speaks to the lessons learned from a recently completed $1B “hospital of the future”. The second speaker addresses how her private University campus’ new Climate Action Plan has challenged her design teams to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. See how both facilities are leveraging their BAS systems to validate their ongoing performance against policy goals.
1 The Hospital of the Future: Building with Flexibility in Mind
When San Diego-based Palomar Health (PH) realized that the state’s seismic upgrade requirements would have been cost-prohibitive to implement in their existing Hospital building, Palomar Health took the opportunity to build a new, technologically advanced hospital that would require its employees to reinvent how they deliver healthcare for the 21st century. The presentation summarizes the advanced design methods and constant focus towards flexibility that will enable this hospital to adapt to virtually any code cycle that may be adopted by the State or other Authority Having Jurisdiction.
2 Planning for Climate Change Policies at the University of San Diego
The University of San Diego’s (USD’s) newly adopted Climate Action (CAP) plan sets a framework to reduce USD’s greenhouse gas emissions and contribution to climate change. The CAP sets out a general methodology for establishing short, medium and long term strategic goals and feedback mechanisms to provide performance data, as well as a number of specific recommendations to improve sustainability performance of the University. This presentation showcases how USD is implementing changes in their campus design standards, energy dashboards, and measurement and verification systems to address their building related impact on greenhouse gas emissions.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Standing Committees
TC/TG Chair's Training Workshop
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
10:00 AM-10:30 AM
Standing Committees
Handbook Volume Subcommittees
Pompeian I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/0) Screen/Electric
10:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
College of Fellows
Sicily (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/5)
10:30 AM-11:30 AM
Standing Committees
Residential Building Committee: Technical Subcommittee
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/5)
10:30 AM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
Handbook Committee
Pompeian I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/15) Screen/Electric
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
REHVA/ASHRAE MOU Coordination Group
Forum 23 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(16/6)
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 3
Health Care Design for IAQ Focusing on Pathogen Minimization
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Daniel Pettway, Hobbs & Associates
The spread of contaminants and pathogens in hospitals results in poor IAQ and hospital acquired infections (HAI). This session discusses the airflow distribution in operating rooms and the use of UVGI to reduce bio-film on coil surfaces for improved IAQ and contaminate removal. The session also evaluates a laminar flow newborn incubator's temperature and velocity profiles compared to a conventional incubator. Lastly this session compares international air quality standards and proposes alternate ventilation rates for various healthcare spaces.
1 Restoring Acceptable HVAC Performance with Ultra Violet Germicidal Irradiation Coil Treatment (LV-17-C007)
This paper presents data from theoretical modeling and actual laboratory measurements of the UVC intensities at the surface of typical HVAC coils. To understand how effectively the UVC penetrated the coil’s interstitial spaces, measurements were taken at the coil’s surface, 1”, 2”, 3” and 4” depths respectively. UVC intensities were measured and recorded with a calibrated radiometer. The radiometer was capable of producing results that are traceable to NIST and through NIST to the International System of Units. Modelings demonstrating expected reduction of typical coil biofilms are presented using varying UVC intensities at the varying coil depths.
2 Analysis of Airflow Distribution and Contaminant Flow Path in a Hospital Operating Room (LV-17-C008)
Air is the main carrier of heat, moisture, and other contaminants including the airborne pathogens in the hospital operating rooms. Airflow patterns within the operating rooms and especially in the sterile zone determine the levels of air speeds, temperature, and contaminant concentrations. The spread of pathogens from the sterile zone is directly related to the airflow patterns in the room. This paper with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis demonstrates the effect of return locations and strength of heat sources on the resulting airflow pattern, temperature distribution, and thermal comfort of the occupants within the operating room.
3 Proposed Outdoor Air Ventilation Rationale for Health Care Facilities (LV-17-C009)
Health care facilities have traditionally used two air changes per hour (ACH) for most spaces. This number can be traced back to the architectural literature of the 1870s. It has been carried forward in codes and standards for nearly 140 years and currently is in ASHRAE Standard 170. This paper proposes an alternative rationale for outdoor air ventilation (fresh air ventilation) in health care spaces, based on the contemporary methodologies of ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and other international indoor air quality standards.
4 Comprehensive Design of a Laminar Flow Newborn Incubator (LV-17-C010)
A premature baby is defined as the baby born in the 22th-37th week of the pregnancy. A baby, born before the 28th week of the pregnancy, can live inside of a newborn incubator with a thermoregulation system. Newborn’s death occurs by water and heat loss due to diseases. A decrement in body temperature causes hypothermia and an increment in body temperature causes hyperthermia that result by the death of the neonatal. For the survival of these babies, a suitable and controllable environment has to be provided. In this study, numerical and experimental analyses of a newborn incubator with a laminar flow unit are investigated.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 4
Improving Energy Exchange in HVAC&R
Fundamentals and Applications
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Xiufeng Pang, LBNL
Potential applications of heat recovery to increase energy efficiency is a practical and viable approach to energy conservation. This session includes papers describing several methods of using heat recovery for increased energy efficiency. Different system and building types are examined along with theoretical, modeling and case evaluations for effectiveness.
1 Environmental Parameters for Decontamination Room in Sterile Processing Department in U.S. Hospitals (LV-17-C011)
This paper evaluates the indoor environmental conditions of the Decontamination Room in the Sterile Processing Department (SPD) in US Hospitals. Research is scarce on assessing for the indoor conditions in these rooms. This outlines the criteria used for the evaluation process and summarizes the environmental requirements and recommendations related to applicable codes and standards. It provides recommendations for indoor environmental parameters.
2 Sensitivity of Energy and Exergy Performances of Heating and Cooling Systems to Auxiliary Components (LV-17-C012)
Heating and cooling systems in buildings can be divided into three main subsystems: heating/cooling plant, distribution system of the heat transfer medium, and indoor terminal unit. The choice of terminal unit is critical due to its direct effects on thermal indoor environment and system energy use. This paper reports the results of energy and exergy analyses of a single-family house, and an office room, theoretically assuming that they were heated or cooled by an air-based (air heating and cooling) or a water-based system (radiant floor heating and cooling).
3 Heat Recovery from Industrial Flue Gases with Varied Humidity Ratios Using Liquid Desiccant Technology (LV-17-C013)
In 2013, about 66% of the total energy in China is supplied by coal, 18.4% by petroleum and 5.8% by natural gas. The humidity ratio of the exhaust gas differs according to the type of fuels as the fuel with higher hydrogen content will produce more water vapor during combustion. The latent heat occupies a large proportion of the total exhaust heat and will contribute a lot to energy saving if fully utilized. This paper introduces a system used for waste heat recovery from flue gases with the liquid desiccant serving as circulatory mediator.
4 Metropolitan Integrated Cooling and Heating (LV-17-C014)
This project investigates the potential benefits of combining cooling of London underground train tunnels with the transfer of heat to district heating networks. Instead of using air cooled chillers to cool the air in the underground tunnels, it is planned to use water to water heat pumps to transfer the heat to a district heating network. This should significantly reduce the total energy input required for both the heating and cooling of the respective networks. It has been previously estimated that there is at least 25 MW of waste heat available from cooling the London underground system.
5 Women in the Refrigeration Industry (LV-17-C015)
The refrigeration industry plays a major role in today’s global economy, with significant contributions made in food, health, energy and environmental domains which policy makers need to better understand and take into account. The need for engineering and technical staff is currently increasing due to the growing demand for refrigerating capacities, along with the unique skills required of refrigeration-related professions in the field of energy and environment. Women are still significantly and visibly under-represented in the refrigeration industry. This paper demonstrates the current preliminary state-of-the-art of women in the refrigeration field collected from the national refrigeration institutions and associations.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 8
Blue Is the New Green: The Water-Energy "Next Is"?
Water-Energy Nexus
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Calina Ferraro, P.E., Randall Lamb Associates, Inc.
With the increasing discussion of the water energy nexus, the industry is responding with innovative technologies to improve onsite water and energy use. This seminar highlights new technology being
developed to optimize performance as well as proven technology that is gaining new traction as greater attention is focused on this area.
1 Air Cooled vs Water Cooled Chillers
Water-cooled chillers have for years been the most energy efficient and cost effective means of addressing large cooling loads as is recognized by ASHRAE 90.1. However, as the price of water has increased and the performance of air-cooled chillers have improved those lines have begun to blur. It is no longer clear that the lowest total cost ownership for cooling applications over 300 tons resides with water cooled chillers. This session explores all the factors related to comparing chiller plants including: performance curves, climate, altitude, water quality, first cost and operating cost (water, energy, maintenance, and treatment).
2 Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling Technologies
This presentation explores evaporative cooling technologies that can vastly reduce onsite energy use of building systems. Systems explored include direct and indirect airside systems, as well as evaporative pre-filters at condensers. These new systems are compared on an energy and cost basis to conventional air-cooled systems or hydronic systems with a conventional plant and cooling tower. A case study compares the benefits of different systems in climates across the United States to examine the benefits available in different regions.
3 Aiming for Net Zero: Onsite Water Treatment Systems
As water scarcity and utility prices increase, building water consumption is an increasingly important aspect of sustainability and efficiency. For buildings where water-efficient fixtures and cooling system upgrades have already been made, the final step toward ‘net zero’ water consumption is capture, treatment, and re-use of onsite and auxiliary water sources. This presentation provides an overview of onsite auxiliary water sources, treatment systems and other equipment required for various uses, and the site energy implications of net zero water buildings
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 9
Fire Safety Operations in Commercial Kitchens
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Mark Skierkiewicz, P.E., UL, LLC
Technical Committee: 5.10 Kitchen Ventilation
CoSponsor: 5.6 Control of Fire and Smoke
This session discusses increased risk of fires in commercial kitchens employing solid fuel cooking, resulting deposits of highly combustible creosote deposits in exhaust systems. Case studies will show how solid fuel cooking fires challenge conventional in-hood fire suppression systems and increase the need for strict adherence to code and standards requirements, requirements for clearance to combustible construction, and the need for increased frequency and aggressiveness of duct cleaning. These points will be illustrated by real world examples of fires, fire system performance, issues with code requirements for clearances, and how defined maintenance programs and proper inspections can reduce fire hazards.
1 The Increasing Fire Risk from Solid Fuel Cooking
This presentation describes the added fire risk with solid fuel commercial cooking of creosote formation and deposition in exhaust hoods and ducts. The presentation discusses the physical and fire properties of creosote, and through selected case studies, will discuss the issues of detection, activation, and suppression with conventional fire suppression systems. This presentation also previews hybrid and newer technology fire systems with electronic monitoring, detection and actuation, suppression with unlimited water and surfactant, along with backup power supply and communication with building management systems.
2 Kitchen Exhaust Duct Fire Safety: Concerns and Solutions
Fire hazards in commercial kitchens include ignition source, flame spread, as well as heat transmission concerns. Proper design, installation, and maintenance of kitchen exhaust ducts is critical to the performance and safety of the kitchen ventilation system. Considerations include access for cleaning and maintenance, proper slope, clearances to combustible construction, and reduced clearance protective assemblies. The latest UL 710 Standard for kitchen hoods has incorporated specific testing requirements for insulation, which allows for reduced clearance to combustible materials. Duct systems must also meet clearance requirements, which involves field-installed fire wrap, as well as pre-insulated double wall ducts evaluated to UL Standard 2221.
3 Inspection and Maintenance Operations for Kitchen Exhaust Fire Safety
Property loss in the commercial foodservice industry remains huge, commonly results in civilian and fire fighter injury, and most often can be directly traced to the cooking area where food product was the first material ignited. The wide array of effluent handling equipment must be engineered for the specific equipment employed. The inspection and the maintenance procedures must be an ongoing measure to properly control flammable cooking byproduct, and must be conducted by properly trained and qualified persons.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 10
Performance of Chilled Water Pipe Insulation Systems in Humid Environments: Problems, Solutions, ASHRAE Research and the Use of Hygrothermal Analyses
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Manfred Kehrer, P.Eng., JustSmartSolutions LLC
Technical Committee: 1.8 Mechanical Systems Insulation
CHW pipe insulation systems sometimes fail due to long-term moisture accumulation, particularly in unconditioned spaces in humid environments. The first speaker will describe a case study of several school buildings which suffered from severe mold growth and was successfully remediated. A second speaker will describe a case study of a building that experienced extensive CHW pipe insulation failures and was successfully remediated. A third speaker will summarize the findings of laboratory tests on insulated cold pipes in ASHRAE RP-1646. Finally, a fourth speaker will address the results of computerized hygrothermal analyses simulating four different CHW pipe insulation systems.
1 Controlling Mold Growth on Chilled Water Pipe Insulation
Sweating chilled water pipes (CWP) can be a significant source of building dampness and mold. Lines supplying chilled water to air handling units are insulated to prevent surface condensation and conserve energy. Insufficient insulation, incomplete sealing during installation and damage during maintenance are common, allowing condensation to form on surfaces, eventually wetting the insulation and supporting mold growth. A protocol for assessing and remediating mold on CWP insulation and ensuring effective re-insulation, through effective quality control was developed in conjunction with a project for replacing failed CWP insulation in 15 schools. Cost-effective resolution of mold growth WP was demonstrated.
2 Air Conditioned Football Stadium and Convention Center Chilled Water Pipe Insulation Assemblies Failure and Remediation with New Developed Insulation Systems
At a football stadium & convention center, in Houston, Texas, the original chilled water (CHW) pipe insulation systems required replacement due to extensive moisture intrusions. Although the CHW flowed continuously, the Air Handling Units were shut down when the building was not in use. This allowed the indoor environments to be exposed to Houston’s outdoor high temperatures and humidity during those times. Remediation required replacing the CHW pipe insulation with an insulation system of a totally different design without major pipe relocations and while the CHW circulated through the pipes being reinsulated.
3 Recent ASHRAE Research on Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation Systems Working at Below-Ambient Temperature and in Wet Condensing Conditions with Moisture Ingress
Mechanical pipe insulation systems are installed on chilled water pipes that operate at below ambient temperatures inside buildings. Water vapor is drawn from the surrounding ambient air toward the pipes and the thermal conductivity of the pipe insulation systems is affected by ambient temperature and water vapor ingress. This talk provides an overview of the findings from two recent ASHRAE funded research projects on this topic. The speaker shows cases in which pipe insulation thermal conductivity increased with moisture ingress. This talk also illustrates the importance of including appropriate insulation thickness safety margins.
4 Hygrothermal Analyses of Four Different Chilled Water Pipe Insulation Systems in a Hot and Humid Climate
Mr. Hart will summarize the results of several hygrothermal analyses, using commercially available software, on simulated insulated chilled water pipe, held at a fixed temperature for 25 years in a Houston, Texas ambient environment. The pipe insulation modeled was a highly porous mineral fiber material with each of four different sheet-type vapor retarder jackets. These jackets had water vapor permeance values from a high of 0.134 perm to a low of 0.005 perm. The results show significant differences in predicted quantities of water vapor condensation and in subsequent increases in insulation thermal conductivity between each of the four insulation systems.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 11
The Current State-of-the-Art for an Automated Pathway from BIM Building Models Direct to HVAC Heating/Cooling Load Calculations
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Reinhard Seidl, Taylor Engineering
Technical Committee: 4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
Sponsor: 1.5 - Computer Applications
CoSponsor: MTG.BIM Building Information Modeling
Building information modeling (BIM) is a software-based method to enhance the efficiency of integrated building design including HVAC load calculations. This seminar looks at several different methods of performing HVAC load calculations on the ASHRAE Headquarters building. One method involves performing HVAC load calculations inside the BIM authoring software tool. Another method involves exporting the building information to a standard schema and importing that same information into another vendor's HVAC load calculation tool. This seminar examines the advantages and disadvantages along with the struggles of using these tools to perform comprehensive load calculations.
1 Defining the Baseline for BIM Loads Comparison
ASHRAE Headquarters, which is used as the common example, is described and common data assumptions are explained. RTS peak load calculation results included in the Handbook of Fundamentals are described and are used as the baseline in comparing various BIM calculation results.
2 Heating and Cooling Load Calculations from BIM Using Autodesk Insight 360
BIM models can be enriched with envelope construction and material properties information, schedules and internal loads for creating building energy models (BEM). This presentation summarizes the workflow for performing HVAC load calculations in a BIM authoring environment using cloud-based EnergyPlus design day simulation. The assumptions and best practices for transferring the BIM data for BEM, and the process of transferring the load calculation results automatically to the BIM will be demonstrated with the ASHRAE HQ Building case study. This approach provides architects and designers to perform load calculations without the need to perform any specialized energy modeling tasks.
3 Performing Load Calculations in Aecosim Energy Simulator Using a gbXML File Exported from Revit
This presentation discusses challenges encountered when using gbXML to tranfer information from Revit to AECOsim Energy Simulator (AES). It also discusses the workflow for adding missing information required for heating/cooling load calculations. Load calculation results from AES will be compared to results from ASHRAE heating load and cooling load (RTS) calculations.
4 The Process of Using gbXML to Export the ASHRAE HQ Revit Model to Trace to Perform HVAC Load Calculations
This seminar discusses extracting ASHRAE HQ building information from the BIM (in Revit) using Green Building XML (gbXML). Then, it explains how to take the gbXML file and import it into TRACE to perform HVAC load calculations. Ideally, this should be a seamless process where all information transfers perfectly from one vendor's software tool to another and creates an HVAC load calculation at the click of a button. However, in reality, this does not happen. The speaker discusses the difficulties encountered and what practitioners should do to make it as seamless as possible.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 12
Variable Speed Drives and Chillers - Back to Basics
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Rick Heiden, Trane, Inc.
Technical Committee: 8.2 Centrifugal Machines
Sponsor: 1.11, 8.1
CoSponsor: 1.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control
Variable speed drives are increasingly being applied to chillers with both positive displacement compressors and centrifugal compressors. In addition, advancements in variable speed drive technology are continually enabling enhancements in chiller component design and control. From enabling compressors to be designed for optimum speed to eliminating traditional capacity control mechanisms such as inlet guide vanes to hybrid systems with drives on some compression elements, variable speed drives are revolutionizing chiller designs.
1 Variable Speed Drive Basics
This presentation explains why Variable Speed Drives (VSDs) are used in many HVAC applications and how they operate. Explains variable torque vs constant torque loads. Describes the different Variable Speed Drive (VSD) terms commonly used in HVAC applications and defines the acronyms and names commonly used:
Variable Speed Drive (VSD), Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD), Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD), Freq Drive Inverter.
Variable Speed Drive (VSD), Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD), Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD), Freq Drive Inverter.
2 Variable Speed Screw Chiller Basics
Positive displacement chillers, more commonly known as Screw chillers, offer significant energy savings when applied as variable speed chillers. Screw chillers are offered around 550 nominal tons and can be easily incorporated into multiple chiller designs. This seminar segment describes the differences between how variable speed screw chillers and centrifugal chillers operate. An energy analysis demonstrates efficiencies reflecting true building and chiller operating conditions.
3 Variable Speed Centrifugal Chiller Basics
Centrifugal chillers are very dependent on operating speed in order to achieve maximum efficiency. Advances in Variable Speed Drive (VSD) technology are enabling optimized operating speeds that improve system efficiency over a broad range of centrifugal chiller applications and operating conditions. This presentation provides technical understanding of how VSD’s work within a chiller system as well as application examples of how that chiller system can be optimized within an HVAC system.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 13
Yes, It Is Your Fault: How Faults Affect Your System’s Performance and How to Model the Faults’ Effects in Advance
Building Operation and Performance
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
David P. Yuill, Ph.D., P.E., University of Nebraska
Technical Committee: 8.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Sponsor: TC 7.5 Smart Building Systems
CoSponsor: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management
Faults happen. They can occur in unitary air-conditioning equipment and cause it to perform below its expected, rated or designed value, leaving owners/operators disappointed. Examples of faults include coil fouling, loss of refrigerant charge, excessive duct flow resistance, economizer faults, etc. This seminar shows results of recent groundbreaking research projects focusing on the effects of faults on unitary equipment, and presents new methods for modeling the effects of those faults. Attendees of the seminar will be prepared to account for these effects when designing, planning maintenance, or predicting building energy performance.
1 Effect of Heat Pump Commissioning Faults on Annual Energy Use
This study shows the impact of common commissioning faults on the energy consumption of an air-to-air heat pump installed in a single-family house. Through annual simulations of the house/heat pump system, the study found that duct leakage, refrigerant undercharge, oversized heat pump with nominal ductwork, low indoor airflow due to undersized ductwork, and refrigerant overcharge have the most potential for causing significant performance degradation and increased annual energy consumption. Energy use increased significantly from lowering the thermostat setting in the cooling mode to improve indoor comfort in cases of excessive indoor humidity levels due to installation faults.
2 Modeling the Effect of Vapor Compression Cycle Faults Using Gray-Box Models
Complete physics-based models of vapor-compression refrigeration equipment can be difficult and time-consuming to produce. A gray-box model uses a mix of physics and measurement data to simplify the modeling process. Gray box models have recently been produced that are capable of accurately modeling the effects of all common faults on the performance of the system. This seminar describes the new approach, and show the results and conclusions from the modeling.
3 Effect of Economizer Faults on Expected Whole-Building Energy Savings
Air-side economizers are commonly used in most locations to reduce the cooling load when outdoor conditions are suitable. However, several field studies have shown that economizer faults, such as a stuck damper, are quite common. For small rooftop units, the cost of supplying an economizer can return a slow payback in some locations, and when faults occur, the economizer may not ever pay off. This study simulated the cost outcome using probabilities of faults from field studies to examine the cost-effectiveness of economizers for typical buildings in several climates, to determine payback period, if any.
4 Generalized Models of Fault Effects on Air Conditioners in Heating and Cooling Mode
Air-side economizers are commonly used in most locations to reduce the cooling load when outdoor conditions are suitable. However, several field studies have shown that economizer faults, such as a stuck damper, are quite common. For small rooftop units, the cost of supplying an economizer can return a slow payback in some locations, and when faults occur, the economizer may not ever pay off. This study simulated the cost outcome using probabilities of faults from field studies to examine the cost-effectiveness of economizers for typical buildings in several climates, to determine payback period, if any.
1:00 PM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Residential Building Committee: Publications Subcommittee
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/5)
1:00 PM-2:00 PM
Forum SSPC
What Challenges Do You Face in Using the IAQ Procedure?
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Forum 20 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Hoy Bohanon, P.E., Hoy Bohanon Engineering, PLLC
Sponsor: SSPC 62.1
OPEN SESSION: No badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the SSPC's meeting. ASHRAE Standard 62 has contained an Indoor Air Quality procedure since the 1980s. This procedure is not widely used. Some practitioners have used the procedure in special designs in special classes of buildings. In addressing energy concerns and special environmental conditions this risk-based approach should be more widely used. Input from practitioners who have used the procedure and those who have decided not to use the procedure are needed by the committee that is revising Standard 62.1 to improve your ASHRAE Standard.
1:00 PM-2:00 PM
Forum TC
Should ASHRAE Develop a Net Zero Energy Building Standard?
Building Operation and Performance
Forum 11 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Dunstan Macauley, P.E., WSP
Technical Committee: 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
OPEN SESSION: No badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC’s meeting. If an entity requires a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB), how do you design and verify it? ASHRAE and other organizations currently provide or are developing guidance on constructing NZEBs; however, there are currently no consensus standards for designing or certifying the achievement of Net Zero. Does the industry need a NZEB Standard, and what building type(s) should the standard encompass? Should it be a design standard and/or performance verification standard? Can this be accomplished within the context of an existing ASHRAE Standard Project Committee?
1:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
UNEP ASHRAE Fisheries Conference
Patrician (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/6) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-5:00 PM
Standing Committees
Honors & Awards
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/5) Screen/Electric
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 5
Designing Energy Efficient Buildings Can Save Money and Provide Better Comfort
Building Operation and Performance
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
This session addresses issues in energy efficiency in design through building operation, involving conversations ranging from energy conservation relating to older units, insulation or controls. Likewise, specific building types and locations such as hospitality, religious, or green buildings and tropical climates, are discussed for their unique energy demands.
1 Thermal Insulation System for Energy Efficient and Green Buildings (LV-17-C016)
Building construction has gone for tremendous changes during the last decade. With the improvement in quality of life, earnings, living style, the building construction methodology and construction materials have been modified to suit the life style of people. The art of living has changed and human comfort is given a lot of importance. With the increase in electronic gadgets in the houses along with air conditioning system energy consumption becomes enormous. This paper highlights different insulation materials along with application specifications and confirmation to local Green Standards or Energy Codes in India.
2 Experimental Investigation of Potential Energy Savings and Payback Ratio in Renewing Old Split-Type Air Conditioners (LV-17-C017)
Saudi Arabia has been in rapid growth in recent years which resulted in electricity consumption growth. Air-conditioners (A/Cs) are responsible for 50% of the electricity consumption due to hot weather conditions as well as the delay in implementing A/Cs performance standards. One of the challenges is that most of the installed A/Cs in existing buildings are old and have been installed before regulations and standards on A/Cs specifications were enforced in 2013. Renewing old A/Cs with new and efficient ones would reduce electricity consumption, benefiting building owners as well as utility companies.
3 Development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Framework with Modelica for Energy Efficient Buildings (LV-17-C018)
Buildings consume more than 40% of energy in the U.S. Effectively and efficiently managing and controlling building energy and mechanical systems for a sustainable built environment remains a critical challenge. Studies shows intelligent building controls enable a greater than 20% energy savings in specific buildings, accounting for 2% of national energy consumption. Even small improvements in control system logic can make significant changes in energy savings over the course of a year or longer. How to develop, test and evaluate controller performances is crucial for scalable deployment of these control logics including load controls and distributed control solutions.
4 Energy Saving with Comfort Guarantee in Hospitality Buildings (LV-17-C019)
In a hospitality building, guests’ presence ratio (%) in the room is low due to the varying schedule and needs (business, shopping, sightseeing etc.) of individual guests. So, the energy consumption can be reduced during guests’ absence by turning the HVAC off for the room, but it can cause discomfort to the guest when they come back to the room. So it poses trade-off problems to maintain the comfort for the user and reduces the energy consumption at the same time in a hospitality building. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve the above-mentioned problem.
5 Best Practices and Lessons Learned in Churches: How Energy Use and Efficiency in Religious Facilities Compares to Other Types of Commercial Buildings (LV-17-C020)
Religious facilities throughout the world are unique in their operation compared to other types of commercial buildings. Due to their lower energy intensity, these buildings rarely are the recipients of traditional energy studies or assessments. This paper presents highlights from a long-term energy study of two architecturally-identical churches located in different climates. Data were collected from over 130 sensors over an 18-month time period. This paper discusses how religious facilities differ from other types of commercial buildings in regards to occupancy, lighting, HVAC usage, and comfort.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 6
Energy Efficient Design for Buildings with an Industrial Focus
Energy Efficient Industrial Buildings
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
David Yashar, NIST
Saving energy in our home or office comes easy to most of us. But what about when designers are faced with saving energy in food processing plants, factories, or even refineries – facilities where health and safety regulations play a crucial role? This session looks at three such cases of applying energy efficiency measures while maintaining a safe workplace environment. It also explores a new approach to thermal comfort studies in the indoor environment.
1 Performance Assessment of Fanger's PMV in a UK Residential Building in Heating Season (LV-17-C021)
Traditionally there are two approaches to thermal comfort studies in the indoor environment. The first approach is to conduct tests in fully controlled climate chambers located in laboratories which help in maintaining desired environmental conditions for the experiments. The alternate/second approach is to place sensors and collect data in a set of homes and offices over a period of time where researchers have virtually no control on the thermal environment. This paper reports on an original approach that combines the advantages of both these methods. In this research thermal comfort studies were conducted in a test house.
2 Integrating Energy Efficiency Performance in Processes for the Dairy Industry (LV-17-C022)
The dairy industry is one of the most energy intensive sectors in food processing; mainly concentration and spray drying are responsible for high energy consumption. One overall objective is to significantly reduce the energy consumption. Savings are expected to reach over 60%. Amongst others the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Public Relations publish a subsidy for energy efficient and climate friendly production processes. This program is a good opportunity to the dairy sector in Germany and will lead to increased competitiveness. This presentation focuses on spray dryer plants.
3 An Application of Energy Conservation Measures to a Middle-Sized Factory Using Energy Management System (LV-17-C023)
This paper shows positive results for introducing energy conservation measures after analyzing facility data acquired by Energy Management System in an existing middle-sized factory. The factory produces around 400,000 gas meters a year. It achieved 37% CO2 reduction from 2011 to 2014. Since 2011, some simple measures had been implemented such as switch-off of unused lights and air-conditioners for unoccupied areas. To achieve higher energy conservation, reduction of air-conditioning load with no drop in productivity and workplace quality was critical. To design new effective energy conservation measures it was necessary to analyze room condition data and energy usage data.
4 Energy Efficiency in Buildings Inside Oil Refineries (LV-17-C024)
Buildings located inside oil refineries are a typical example of industrial buildings where designers need to balance life safety and energy efficiency. The three most common hazards that such buildings are subject to are blasts, toxic gasses and flammable gasses. The key to achieving energy efficiency without compromising life safety is to understand the hazards imposed on a certain refinery building and the mitigation measures required. This paper describes how a Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE) differs from regular explosion and how selecting the right blast damper for the over-pressure and impulse of a specific blast will result in energy savings.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 14
Data Driven Energy Auditing, Measurement and Verification
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Technical Committee: 7.5 Smart Building Systems
Sponsor: TC 7.6
CoSponsor: 7.6 Building Energy Performance
This seminar provides an overview of several building energy software programs for commercial buildings (including officers, schools, and data centers) in both the U.S. and China. These programs were developed to collect energy data, provide enhanced visualization, perform energy analytics, benchmark and identify savings opportunities, quantify savings impacts, and support an ongoing commissioning process in actual facilities. Several real-world project examples are provided to illustrate how these tools will be used and what benefits they bring to the industry.
1 Using Analytics Platforms to Continuously Evaluate Buildings and Drive Persistent Savings
There’s no shortage of available software applications and tools that can be leveraged to identify savings opportunities in buildings. The challenge is identifying which tool types are appropriate and what data is useful for the variety of needed building assessments that range from simple benchmarking to fault detection/auditing or advanced statistical analysis. This presentation provides an overview of a software environment developed to leverage the relative strengths of some energy analytics, workflow management, and visualization tools to identify savings opportunities, quantify savings impacts, and support an ongoing commissioning process in actual facilities.
2 A Smart Data Center Energy Expert System for Automatic Measurement, Energy Audit and Energy Efficiency Improvement
The Smart Data Center Energy Expert System is a continuous monitoring, control and analytics platform developed by the needs of modem data centers for down time prevention powered by latest IoT and cloud technologies. The expert-system approach enables fast and accurate identification of environmental trends along with comprehensive and cost effective energy efficiency recommendations, boosts adoption of energy saving measures and automatic CRAC controls. The all-in-one system significantly simplifies and standardizes savings estimation and verification and effectively sustains and improves the savings over time for medium to large data centers.
3 Using Advanced Energy Management System for Automatic Energy Audit in China
Due to the requirements of national energy policy, more than 10,000 public and commercial buildings in China installed sub-meters in the last eight years. Energy audit and retro-commissioning were also performed on these buildings. EMS platform that can track and perform analysis on data collected from sub-meters and BAS is becoming essential for analyzing system operation, identifying system issues and faults , and uncovering energy cost-saving opportunities. This presentation introduces an advanced EMS platform used for automatic data collection and archiving, data calibration, energy benchmarking, equipment and system operation performance analysis, energy and operation fault alerting and measurement & verification.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 15
Do the Users Follow the Model?
Building Operation and Performance
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Guy Perreault, P.Eng., Evap-Tech MTC inc.
Technical Committee: 9.10 Laboratory Systems
This session presents case studies to provide guidance for developing energy models for laboratory buildings. The presenters demonstrate real life examples of energy savings using demand based ventilation and the implementation of wind responsive VAV exhaust systems in laboratories. Finally, it addresses why the actual energy consumption of laboratories may differ from the original model.
1 Modelling, Measuring and Evaluating Laboratory Energy Efficiency Performance
Demand based control, variable exhaust fan controls, heat recovery, etc. have significant impact on saving energy in labs. Building a holistic model of these systems , when these approaches interact with each other can be a challenge. An energy analysis tool was developed to address these concerns. This presentation discusses this energy analysis tool that measures actual savings of completed projects. Case studies showing the energy savings modeled compared with actual airflow savings and energy performance is presented. Lessons learned is also presented, explaining why some of these lab projects were not initially achieving their energy savings.
2 Wind Response Exhaust Fan Control Case Study
This presentation discusses actual projects implementing wind responsive VAV exhaust systems for laboratories. It also addresses the steps to ensure a safe operation of the VAV controls.
3 Energy Model vs. Actual Performance Case Study
This presentation discusses the differences between modeled building energy performance and actual consumption. Limitations of modeling software and engineering assumptions are included. Differences between modeling existing buildings and new buildings is also presented. The discussion includes common areas of difference between models and actual performance.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 16
Heat Exchanger Corrosion: Fundamentals to Application
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Chad Bowers, Ph.D., Ingersoll Rand
Technical Committee: 8.4 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment
This session provides a thorough overview and in-depth analysis of the air side corrosion behavior on air-to-refrigerant heat exchangers. This includes fundamental design side considerations for both round tube and microchannel tubes, as well as applied lessons from ongoing research.
1 Corrosion Mechanisms in All Aluminum Microchannel and Round Tube Plate Fin Heat Exchangers
This seminar presentation defines Galvanic Corrosion and what causes this form of corrosion. It also offers insight into distinguishing the modes of degradation in All-Aluminum micro channel heat exchangers.
2 Multifunctional Nanostructured Water Repellent and Anti-Corrosion Coatings
Condensation and corrosion can be major problems when surfaces are exposed to environmental conditions. Because of geometry it may be difficult to drain condensate, leading to increased corrosion or frosting at lower temperatures. Superhydrophobic (SH) materials can minimize anti-condensation and corrosion. SH coatings can be tailored for micro-channel heat exchangers, fin tube coils, and internally enhanced shell-tube heat exchangers. The impact of SH coatings on heat transfer performance needs to be considered along with the overall energy efficiency improvement resulting from SH coatings. SH coatings can help reduce performance degradation from corrosion by 50% and therefore improve the operational efficiency.
3 Aluminum Round Tube Applications and Corrosion Resistance Mechanisms
Round tubing is used in non-brazed, mechanically assembled in form of U-Bend hairpins. Aluminum hairpins provide requisite formicary corrosion protection and have the majority market share for indoor application. Outdoor application requires more stringent corrosion protection, smaller diameter tubing and larger coils. This makes applying this tubing in outdoor environment an engineering challenge. Developments in long life 3000 series alloys, hairpin lubrication, processing and coil fabrication may open up a limited outdoor market, and make the indoor market more attractive. Alloy development has focused on refinements/composition that alter failure mode from pitting to general lateral corrosion, increasing tubing’s corrosion performance.
4 Fundamental Alloying, Processing and Field Application Considerations for Aluminum HVAC&R Heat Exchangers
After this presentation, attendees will understand and distinguish the three inter-related design factors that influence corrosion durability of an aluminum heat exchanger. They will also be able to apply fundamental learnings to future HEX designs.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 17
Energy Management: A Crucial Component of Operations and Maintenance
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
John Constantinide, Alpha MRC Architects Engineers
Technical Committee: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management
In the overall facility operations and maintenance (O&M) picture, energy management plays an integral role in proper facility management. This role is increasingly valued with a push in the public and private sectors for reduced energy consumption, leading to reduced facility costs and, in the case of equipment replacement, reduced payback periods. Effective energy management in O&M requires calculated and focused strategies with a proper investment of time, funding, and personnel. These strategies and their energy-saving impacts will be discussed by seminar speakers who have worked in institutional settings, providing perspectives from the United States and in an international setting.
1 The OMMP Annual Program and the Impact on Energy Conservation
This session focuses on “Critical Thinking” and the Principles of the Integrated Design for Energy Efficiency. The Integrated Design Project Team (IDP) early involvement in planning, design, construction, and building operations team members. The goal IDP asset management and energy management program for energy consuming equipment is to operate and maintain the equipment to like new conditions. The benefit of decreased energy use and saving fuel can result in decrease maintenance cost for the owner. The lower operating expenses can be invested back to the owner’s core business.
2 Energy Management in Operations and Maintenance
When considering the entire life cycle of a building, costs incurred during the operations phase have a great impact on the overall success of the project. The presentation covers the necessary components and processes for a successful in-house, energy management program at a tier 1 metropolitan research university. The importance of operations and maintenance staff to the success and sustainment of the program will be addressed as well as the importance of a documented workflow process. The case study shows the effect of policy, procedure, organizational structure, process improvement, and analytics on the overall success of the program.
3 Energy and Resources Conservation through O&M
Energy and resource conservation can only be achieved if building systems are operated and maintained the way they were designed and commissioned. Operations and maintenance (O&M) is usually given the least priority globally, including in Pakistan. What needs to be included in design, construction and commissioning phases in relation to O&M? What is an O&M team and their duties? How should effective O&M can be executed? How can effective O&M enhance the service life of equipment, as well as energy and resources conservation? Lastly, what metrics can be used to note and keep track of a well-executed O&M program?
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 18
Thermally Driven Devices Are Heating Up: Emerging International Field Studies and Standards for Residential Fuel-Fired Sorption Heat Pumps
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Kyle Gluesenkamp, Ph.D., ORNL
Technical Committee: 8.3 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
As current natural gas heating units approach their efficiency limits, what will be next? Sorption systems (including absorption and adsorption) can provide gas heating efficiencies well above 100% by extracting heat from the ambient. They are rapidly expanding into water and space heating systems, especially in Europe. The IEA Annex 43 has the goal to widen use of fuel driven heat pumps, and in this seminar, member countries report on recent field studies and development of international rating standards that can help sorption technologies accelerate their rapid expansion into residential and commercial space and water heating markets.
1 Practical Experience of Field Testing Residential and Light Commercial Gas Absorption Heat Pumps
Two types of gas absorption units have been installed in field tests in Germany. A larger capacity unit (140 kBtu/h or 41 kW heating) with 50-100% modulation was installed with an auxiliary boiler in a school building to replace a 150 kW boiler. In addition, smaller (61 kBtu/h or 18 kW heating) units were installed for residential applications, without auxiliary boilers. The measured savings over the baseline boiler systems have been up to 40%. This seminar describes the system layouts and how the savings were achieved.
2 Field Testing of Residential Gas Absorption Storage Water Heaters
Several prototype ammonia/water absorption water heating units, aimed at the residential water heating market, have been recently evaluated. Field tests as well as laboratory reliability evaluations were conducted. Energy factors significantly higher than 1 were observed in a variety of installations. Analysis of these results and lessons learned are discussed in this seminar.
3 Existing and Emerging International Standards for Evaluation of Fuel-Fired Sorption Heat Pumps
Proper equipment testing standards give consumers confidence, reduce uncertainty for manufacturers, and enable utilities to offer incentives for more efficient products. Besides these goals, a standard should not be too burdensome to conduct. This seminar describes the unique characteristics of gas heat pumps and how those relate to standards. Attendees will gain a better understanding of how gas heat pumps operate and can be applied.
4 Multi-Laboratory Round-Robin Testing of Commercialized Sorption Heat Pumps for Residential Space Heating
For the first time, sorption heat pump units were subjected to round-robin testing at two different laboratories. Testing was conducted according to existing European standard EN12309 and German standard VDI 4650. In order to inform ongoing standards development, the team identified recommendation to address challenges with measurement of low part loads, as well as how to minimize testing burden while achieving a seasonal efficiency rating.
1:30 PM-4:30 PM
Standing Committees
Associate Society Alliance Subcommittee
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(40/15) Screen
1:30 PM-5:30 PM
Standing Committees
Board of Directors
Palace IIB/III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(32/75) Screen/Electric
2:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Residential Building Committee: Stakeholders Subcommittee
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/5)
3:00 PM-6:00 PM
Seminar TC
A Better Writer is a Better Engineer: TC 7.3 O&M Management Perspective on Good Communication
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Mina Agarabi, P.E., Agarabi Engineering PLLC
Technical Committee: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management
OPEN SESSION: No badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. Successful engineers require many communication skills. This seminar workshop focuses on the value and importance of good writing skills for both experienced engineers and YEA, the requirement as engineers to communicate technical ideas and data, and how to achieve improved writing. Sample writings will be used to demonstrate writing techniques.
3:15 PM-4:45 PM
Seminar 19
Walking the Walk: Delivering a Truly High Performance Building
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Alyse Falconer, P.E., Interface Engineering
Technical Committee: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management
Sponsor: 7.6 Building Energy Performance
CoSponsor: 7.9 Building Commissioning
The lifecycle of a new construction project can last several years. Initial goals are set by the team with high aspirations but are often deviated from as the process continues.
Tracking and monitoring the project’s energy goals through design deliverables, energy analysis and commissioning reports is crucial for adhering to objectives. However, what happens when unforeseen issues occur? Does the team achieve the owner’s aspirations?
This presentation reviews achieving client goals while working through obstacles, from design inception through occupied building. Working together as a high performance team, performance goals can be achieved and confirmed through post-occupancy measurement and verification.
1 Architect and Engineer: An Evolving Relationship Required for Synergy within Sustainable Design
The relationship between architect and engineer has evolved as sustainable design has gained importance. The design process between the team is less hierarchical and much more collaborative. Beyond the team’s reliance on engineers for technical expertise, they must also have a broader understanding of a project’s goals, as their input has a much greater impact than before. Today, the process of engineer more closely reflects the process of architecture, each relying on the other. Understanding the importance of integrating HVAC design and building envelope strategies into the early stages of the design process creates a synergy within architecture and engineering.
2 HVAC Design Options: Navigating Owners and Architects through HVAC Systems to Provide Client Specific Solutions
Every project and owner is unique. Some buildings are set out with goals to have the greenest building in the world while others are simply trying to provide adequate thermal comfort. There is a fine line between providing an adequate system while encouraging an owner towards an energy efficient design. And when and how do you bring the facilities engineer into the design process? This presentation covers how to present and tailor HVAC system design options to the owner, design team and facilities group, while addressing energy use concerns, architectural aesthetics, acoustical criteria, and operations and maintenance preferences.
3 Commissioning: Why Designers, Owners and Operators Should Care
Often the commissioning process is an after-thought that gets addressed when code compliance or LEED requirements are addressed. It is seen as a means to an ends instead of a key component of a high performance project. Through early integration of commissioning into the design process, projects experience reduced energy use, lower operating costs, reduced contractor callbacks, and verification that the systems perform in accordance with the owner’s requirements. Projects can only succeed when designers, energy analysts, contractors, owners and operators all understand the project goals, and commissioning is one of the most effective ways to bring all parties together.
4 Integrating Energy Analysis into Design: How to Ensure Predicted Energy Utilization Index Values Are Achieved
The most important key of true project success is a high performance team that communicates effectively and constantly tracks its goals. The design must be benchmarked throughout each phase of the project, including post occupancy. Working hand in hand with the design team, owner and facilities group allows the energy analyst to predict an Energy Utilization Index value which is reflective of future building conditions. And after a year of occupancy, a carefully thought out measurement and verification process will reveal the team’s successes and shortcomings.
4:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
YEA Hospitality
Florentine III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(125/0)
5:00 PM-6:30 PM
Standing Committees
Standards: Code Interaction Subcommittee.
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(12/10) Screen/Electric
7:00 AM-8:00 AM
Standing Committees
Environmental Health Executive
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen
7:30 AM-9:30 AM
Standing Committees
ASHRAE Foundation
Sicily (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/10) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 7
Advances in Building Simulation Tools
Fundamentals and Applications
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Christopher R. Laughman, Ph.D., Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
Interest in the use of predictive energy modeling tools as guides to support decision making continues to grow. This session discusses in detail advances in calculation methodology, improved procedures for standardizing model input data and the use of templates for rapidly constructing complex models for energy use predictions. In addition, the session proposes innovative solutions to addressing the performance gap between expected and realized energy performance.
1 General-Purpose Building Energy Simulation Program BEST for the Energy-Saving Standards in Japan (LV-17-C025)
In order to promote energy conservation, the building owner shows the understanding of the energy-saving efforts, the designer is committed to energy-saving design of the building, and government has a role to review the precise energy-saving buildings. BEST is a building energy-saving simulation program that’s been developed since 2005, as a suitable software in order to promote energy conservation. It is a life-cycle design software that can be utilized in the design and operation phase as well as corresponding to the energy conservation law. BEST is used as a simulation software that corresponds to Japan's Energy Conservation Law from 2009.
2 Development of Equipment Characteristics Databases of BEST Program (LV-17-C026)
One of the factors for obsoleting a simulation tool is not updating the Equipment Characteristics after the release of the program. For this reason the BEST (Building Energy Simulation Tool) program committee, the section meetings for Equipment Characteristics are held continuously and the BEST program’ Equipment Characteristics is updated frequently. The section meetings are held among the type of equipment, and there are cooperation agreements of Industry Association at the section meetings. The Equipment Characteristics’ databases are made up of two models (statistical model and physical model), and the databases hold three datasets (rated Characteristics, mid Characteristics, dynamic characteristics).
3 Features and Capabilities of Integrated Building Energy Simulation Program Newly Developed in Japan, BEST (LV-17-C027)
BEST (i.e. Building Energy Simulation Tool) is a whole building energy simulation software. Its development was started by a Japanese industry-government-academia joint team in 2005. Since then, BEST has continuously been refined. This paper describes the concept and the features of the latest version of BEST relating to simulation methodology, databases and user interfaces and also presents the simulation results that shows the specific capabilities of BEST. BEST enables integrated simulations of building behavior and control operation of HVAC systems as well as electric and plumbing systems.
4 Simulation Method of HVAC Systems Using Self-Adjusting Templates in the BEST (Building Energy Simulation Tool) (LV-17-C028)
This paper describes simulation methodologies of HVAC systems using self-adjusting template, which are implemented in the BEST program. To achieve extensibility and ease of maintenance, modular structure is introduced. Any appliance is modeled as a module class that implements formatted common functions. One of the new features of the BEST program is “template” structure by which effort for making input data is considerably reduced. Templates are a partial systems implemented, should be prepared in advance connected parts of more than one module.
5 Real Time Data Monitoring to Get Operations on Track (LV-17-C029)
While buildings will always have unique characteristics, there are a number of strategies that can help close the gap between the expected and realized energy performance. This paper presents common issues that arise from the design phase to ongoing operation of buildings. The paper focuses on monitoring-based commissioning using real time data and advanced software analytics to uncover and resolve problems. Real world examples are presented to showcase the challenges faced with complex equipment operation. Examples of technical issues uncovered during commissioning will be provided along with solutions to reduce these issues in the future.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 8
Designing Hydronic Systems Using Energy and Water Conservation Practices
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Bill Murphy, University of Kentucky
This session provides three real-world studies: energy efficient heat exchanger design in a natatorium, effect of architectural screens on energy consumption for a cooling tower, and potential water and energy savings associated with reusing ablution water to run mosque air-conditioning systems. Another study explains how recent market influences, advances in centrifugal compressor technology, and new refrigerant choices have coincided to make centrifugal compressors a viable application for air cooled packaged chillers. Also included is a study exploring the ever-changing dynamic of air-cooled versus water-cooled systems, along with the major growth of renewable power generation in grid energy mix.
1 Centrifugal Compressors in Air-Cooled Package Chillers: Coincidence of Market Forces and Technology (LV-17-C030)
The air cooled packaged chiller is a very popular choice for HVAC designers in capacities up to and slightly above 1,900 kW (550 tons). Until recently, the only compressor types commonly available in air cooled packaged chillers across that entire range were of the positive displacement type. By contrast, for nearly 100 years, the efficiency and other inherent advantages of centrifugal compressors have made them a popular compressor choice in water cooled packaged chillers with capacities as low as 350 kW (100 tons). This article explores the history of centrifugal compressors when applied in air cooled chiller systems.
2 A HEAT Pipe Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling/Humidification Design for Natatorium IAQ and Energy Savings, Too (LV-17-C031)
Although counter intuitive, using a heat pipe air-to-air heat exchanger in summer for both sensible cooling (Indirect) and adiabatic cooling and humidification (Direct) of the outdoor air in an arid climate can reduce peak refrigeration tonnage while exceeding Standard 62.1 outdoor air ventilation for a Natatorium. Heat recovery in cold ambient conditions allows the system to exceed minimum code outdoor air flow requirements into the Natatorium to dilute and remove Chloramines and maintain a better Indoor Air Quality ( IAQ) in the pool enclosure without additional heating costs. This case study analyzes the Aquatic Center project installed in Dublin, California.
3 Sustainability, Energy and Water: Air-Cooled Versus Water-Cooled Heat Rejection (LV-17-C032)
This conference paper explores the ever-changing dynamic of air-cooled versus water-cooled systems. While water-cooled systems still often reduce the building energy use, there have been dramatic improvements in air-cooled chiller performance. There is increasing concern with fresh water scarcity as we acknowledge the cost and energy consumption required at desalination and water treatment plants. And there’s major growth of renewable power generation in the grid energy mix which affects both the process water use and greenhouse gas emissions. The market’s demand for sustainability, energy efficiency, and water efficiency must be weighed carefully as competing interests continue to evolve over the next decade.
4 Energy Cost of Architectural Screens Around a Cooling Tower (LV-17-C033)
Roof top equipment is often concealed for aesthetics reasons, by a solid or louvered parapet walls aka “Architectural Screens”. This results in inefficient dispersion of exhaust air and reduces the thermal efficiency of the equipment inside the screens. This work estimates excess energy used at an 8000 tons district cooling plants when cooling tower fan operates at higher speeds to compensate for the entrainment and recirculation of exhaust air caused by architectural walls around a cooling tower. Air properties for two locations: 1) inside the walls near the cooling tower and 2) away from it, outside the walls were monitored and analyzed.
5 Reuse of Ablution Water for Mosque Air Conditioning Using Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Technology in Saudi Arabia (LV-17-C034)
There are nearly 60 thousand Mosques spread across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, consuming nearly 3 Terawatt-Hour of site electrical energy, 70% of which is due to the use of mostly inefficient HVAC systems. It is estimated that 20 million M3 of expensively treated water used annually for ablution, 50% of which flows directly to the drain without any contamination. This paper evaluates the potential savings in water and energy of reusing ablution water to run mosque Air-Conditioning systems using high efficiency IDEC technology.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 9
Optimizing Energy and Water Efficiency in Buildings
Water-Energy Nexus
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Jaya Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D., Montana State University
Given that commercial buildings are the largest consumers of water and energy, studying their systems for potential savings is prudent in contemporary designs. This session covers three building systems (commercial dish washing, green walls and cooling towers) and presents research findings for their associated water and energy savings.
1 Performance Based Outcomes: A Case Study on the Stone 34 Project (LV-17-C035)
Stone 34, a 130,000 sq. ft. mixed-use commercial office building, exceeded the aggressive performance standards of Seattle’s Living Building Pilot. The requirements of this program include achieving at least three of the seven petals in the "Living Building Challenge" plus showing a reduction in annual energy usage by 75% when compared to CBECS data, a reduction in potable water usage by 75% and re-use of at least 50% of storm water that hits the site. The Living Building Pilot requires validated performance after 12 continuous months of operation, and both the design team and ownership team faced financial penalties if the building failed to meet the program targets. This paper will explain the "bookend approach" that the design and ownership team used to ensure that the occupied building met the performance requirements.
2 Results from 20 Field Monitoring Projects on Rack and Flight Conveyor Dishwashers in Commercial Kitchens (LV-17-C036)
This research project examines the complexity of conveyor dishwashers, benchmarking water and energy use of old and new dishwashers operating in facilities and identifying strategies to sustain the savings potential of high-efficiency machines. The catalyst for this study was receiving funding from Metropolitan Water District’s Innovative Conservation Grant Program and co-funding from Pacific Gas and Electric Company. These machines are the most water and energy intensive appliances in commercial kitchens with older dishwashers using two to three times their anticipated hot water use when factoring in the manufacturer’s specifications of rinse flow rate and tank volume.
3.00 The Effects of the Green Walls on Building Energy Use and Rainwater Management (LV-17-C038)
Buildings consume 25% of global water and are responsible for 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Buildings account for 72% end-use electricity in the U.S. with the largest portion spent for cooling and heating of buildings. The key issues for the future of building industry are related to saving of water and energy consumption, and delivering environmental benefits. The objective of this study is to quantify cooling/heating energy saving and rainwater saving due to vertical gardening in buildings by using controlled experiments and building energy modeling.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 20
Fresh Insights on Building Automation: A Seminar by the YEA Group
Building Operation and Performance
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Joseph Kilcoyne, P.E., SC Engineers, Inc.
Technical Committee: 1.4 Control Theory and Application
Sponsor: YEA
CoSponsor: 7.5 Smart Building Systems
With a focus on emerging trends in building automation systems, three Young Engineers in ASHRAE members will highlight where they see the control industry heading. According to many experts, smart, interconnected building technologies are the next major step in the evolution of buildings. With the increase of the prevalence of the “Internet of Things” and the falling costs of sensors and wireless technology, the smart building technology and implementation market has a huge potential. Topics covered include predictive energy modeling for energy dashboards, functional control testing through injection and stimulation, and connected commissioning methods.
1 Emerging Smart Building Automation Technologies and Barriers to Implementation
According to some experts, smart, interconnected building technologies are the next major step in the evolution of buildings. With the increase of the prevalence of the “Internet of Things” and the falling costs of sensors and wireless technology, the smart building technology and implementation market has a huge potential. Yet, changing an industry doesn’t happen overnight. Proponents of smart buildings must still overcome a number of obstacles before smart buildings become ubiquitous, including barriers with safety (cybersecurity), technology (interoperability), and humanity (acceptance).
2 Customizing Energy Dashboard Performance Goals Using Predictive Modeling, Historical Data Analysis and Energy-Conservative Logic
Realizing the economic and environmental benefits of energy-efficient building designs requires attentive and well-informed operation. Providing real-time feedback to occupants and operators about actual energy use is a powerful tool in pursuit of this goal. However, without context, this feedback can be unhelpful or even misleading. Control limits contextualize feedback by establishing reasonable ranges for the reported data that are tailored to a building’s unique characteristics. This presentation is an introduction to two related methods of establishing control limits for building energy consumption using a combination of predictive modeling, historical data analysis, and energy-conservative logic.
3 Successful Functional Testing Methods for Building Automation Systems
Commissioning consists of systematically documenting that specified components and systems have been installed and started up properly and then functionally tested to verify that systems are complete and functioning properly upon project completion. Proper functional performance test development plays a big role in the success of commissioning. The intent of this portion of the seminar is to present various means & methods for functional performance testing. Means and methods such as control modification, injection, stimulation and actual event will be discussed in depth.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 21
Low Energy LED Lighting Heat Gain Distribution in Buildings (ASHRAE RP-1681)
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Glenn Friedman, P.E., Taylor Engineering
Technical Committee: 4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
The components of lighting heat gains are a significant contributor to space cooling load in buildings. These components include the fraction of convective and radiative heat gains, as well as the fraction of conditioned space and plenum space heat gains. Relevant data for the LED lighting heat gain is sparse. As the LED technology and application are rapidly growing, the need to identify LED lighting heat gain becomes highly demanded. This seminar summarizes the findings of ASHRAE RP-1681, in which 14 commercially available LED lighting luminaries’ heat gain distributions were determined through systematically designed experiments.
1 Approach, Test Setup and LED Luminaire Selection for Testing LED Lighting Heat Gain Distribution
This session introduces the technical approach to determine the conditioned space heat fraction and the radiative heat fraction of the LED lighting fixtures under test. The session describes the configuration of the test chamber, net radiometer, and instrumentation. The criteria of selecting representative LED luminaires for testing are also discussed.
2 Test Results of LED Lighting Heat Gain Distribution and Comparison to Conventional Lighting
The test results of fourteen LED lighting luminaires are analyzed in this session, including the heat gain fractions obtained from base case and the impact of different test conditions. The session also compares the heat gain distribution between LED lighting fixtures and conventional lighting fixtures.
3 Field Application of LED Lighting Heat Gain Distribution Data
Field application of LED lighting heat gain distribution data. Widespread application of LED lighting is having a significant impact on HVAC systems design. This presentation compares LED lighting load densities for typical office spaces with vs more traditional lighting designs. Data gathered as part of recent research will be used to calculate comparative impact on cooling loads and resulting air handler and chiller loads.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 22
The Past Present and Future of Combined Heat and Power Systems in Mission Critical Facilities
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
James Freihaut, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
Technical Committee: 1.10 Cogeneration Systems
CoSponsor: 6.2 District Energy
This session describes combined heat and power as a robust, efficient, economical and clean solution for critical infrastructure, microgrids and resiliency.
1 U.S. Department of Energy CHP for Resiliency Accelerator Progress Report
The US Department of Energy launched the Combined Heat and Power for Resiliency Accelerator on May 9, 2016. This collaborative effort with states, communities, utilities and other stakeholders is examining the perceptions of CHP among resiliency planners, identified gaps in current technologies or information relative to resilience needs and is developing plans for communities to capitalize on CHP’s strengths as a reliable, high efficiency, lower emissions electricity and heating source for critical infrastructure. This presentation reports on the results of the initial work and provides insight into how CHP will play in future resiliency plans throughout the nation.
2 Combined Heat and Power: A Robust, Efficient, Economical and Clean Solution for Critical Infrastructure, Microgrids and Resiliency
Bruce A. Hedman, has over 30 years of experience in energy technology research, development and commercialization, and is a recognized authority on combined heat and power (CHP) and distributed generation technologies, markets and policies. He is currently Managing Director of Entropy Research, providing consulting services on the technical, policy and market aspects of distributed generation and industrial energy efficiency to a variety of public and private clients, including U.S. DOE’s CHP deployment program.
3 Resilient CHP Design for Mission Critical Facilities while Minimizing the Impact on Energy and Water Usage
This presentation examines the design of resilient microgrids at hospitals that can support significantly more than the legally mandated emergency circuits and restore the full facility to near normal functionality. The presentation reviews the engineering issues to be considered when retrofitting resilient CHP into an existing facility as well as the environmental water use and overall economics of adding resilience to CHP at critical facilities such as hospitals and data centers.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 23
The Road to Zero Energy Buildings Goes Through Energy Indices: What’s Fair and How Do We Get There?
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Michael Deru, Ph.D., NREL
Technical Committee: 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
CoSponsor: 7.6 Building Energy Performance
Measuring progress toward achieving net zero energy buildings can be difficult. Performance metrics such as energy use index and energy rating index will provide misleading information if they are insensitive to the impact of parameters such as size, process loads, and occupant behavior. This seminar highlights challenges facing popular performance metrics targeted toward net zero buildings. Options for addressing some of these challenges will be described, including lessons learned from an extensive evaluation of airport terminals, and technical approaches such as O&M Index and Index Adjustment Factors to address disparities in ratings caused by geometry and operating assumptions.
1 An O&M Index Can Help Address EUI Limitations
Energy performance indices are used around the world to evaluate and monitor residential and commercial building energy performance during design, construction, renovation, and operation. Building energy performance is sensitive to the engineered system, O&M practices, and occupant needs, each of which are largely independent factors requiring more than one index to describe and manage the building’s energy performance. This presentation analyzes the merits and weaknesses of common indices and introduces the O&M Index, which is the ratio of the energy consumption at the meter to the simulated energy performance, calibrated for the actual operating conditions of the building.
2 Developing EUI Adjustment Factors for Benchmarking Airport Terminal Buildings
A recent study of Airport Terminal Buildings by the Airport Cooperative Research Program revealed that traditional Energy Use Indices (EUIs) do not fully explain the differences in the energy use characteristics of Airport Terminal Buildings (ATBs). To resolve this issue new indices were developed and demonstrated that more accurately account for the special systems in ATBs. This presentation presents the findings of this effort, including the new Energy Use (EU) indicators and preliminary results of the application of the ATB EUs to selected airports in the U.S.
3 ERI Adjustments for Standard 90.2 and Other Residential Applications
Experience with the Energy Rating Index (ERI) score as a building energy performance metric indicates that home geometry and operating assumptions play a significant role in resulting scores. All other things equal, as home size increases it becomes easier to achieve lower scores. The number of bedrooms and number of stories also impact scores. This presentation highlights the magnitude of the disparities caused by each of these factors in high performance zero energy ready homes. It also provides details on a set of Index Adjustment Factors that account for these impacts and significantly reduce disparities in the revised ERI calculation.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 24
When Buildings Get Wet....What Does That Mean?
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Lan Chi Nguyen Weekes, P.Eng., InAIR Environmental Ltd
Technical Committee: 1.12 Moisture Management in Buildings
This session's theme is moisture, humidity, dampness and what are the differences between them all? The session focuses on the fundamental concepts of moisture management in buildings, discusses common moisture problems and fixes and attempts to describe dampness as it applies to real world situations.
1 New Fundamentals Chapter: Moisture and Buildings - What about Vapor Sources?
Buildings are for people but habiting means vapor release. The new chapter introduced by ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.12 looks to how large that release is in residential buildings, schools and natatoriums. It advances a method commonly used to evaluate the importance, offers examples of how the method is used and summarizes the consequences the unavoidable vapor release may have if the impact is not moderated.
2 New Chapter 62 of Applications Volume: Moisture Management from the School of Hard Knocks
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Lew Harriman, Mason-Grant Consulting
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Sooner or later, every building owner and HVAC designer comes up against a humidity or moisture problem that simply won’t go away. The members of ASHRAE Technical Committee 1.12 have gathered their experiences of diagnosing and fixing several of the most common moisture problems and summarized these in Chapter 62 of the 2015 ASHRAE Handbook: Applications. This presentation summarizes the hard-knock experiences of your colleagues. The information is practical, it’s simple and it’s real.
3 New ASHRAE Guidance for Moisture Management in Buildings
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Carl Grimes, HHS, CIEC, Hayward Healthy Home
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Epidemiological investigators have shown clear and consistent associations between occupancy of damp indoor spaces and increased probability of important adverse health effects. A Multidisciplinary Task Group (MTG) developed a simple and recognizable description of when building dampness is sufficient to increase the probability of negative health effects. It also suggests practical tools and techniques utilizing four quantitative metrics that can alert managers to the risk of an indoor space becoming “damp” enough to affect health in the future.
8:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Developing Economies
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/0) Screen
8:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Environmental Health Handbook/Policy
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen
8:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Members Council PAOE Subcommittee
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(11/0) Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Professional Development
Pisa (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/15) Screen/Electric
9:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Building Envelope Committee
Verona (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/0)Screen
9:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Residential Building Committee
Consul BR (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(16/10) Screen/Electric
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Workshop 6
Food Cold Chain for Developing Countries
Fundamentals and Applications
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Didier J. Coulomb, Dr.Ing., IIR
Sponsor: Refrigeration Committee
Developing countries have lower refrigeration capacities than developed countries and thus more post-harvest losses. International organizations and private companies need to invest in these countries.
1 International Policy to Build a Sustainable Cold Chain in Developing Countries
The FAO and the IIR, in coordination with other United Nations organizations have decided to launch actions in order to increase the capacities of refrigerated storage and transport in developing countries: seminars, publications, financement of infrastructures. This workshop explains the context, the challenges and future actions.
2 Refrigeration Industries Projects in Developing Countries
Carrier decided to increase its presence in developing countries and to build a coalition with other companies and intergovernmental organizations such as IIR in order to develop an adequate cold chain in these countries.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 10
Climate and Its Effect on HVAC System Performance
Effects of Climate Change on HVAC&R
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Jessica Mangler, P.E., Affiliated Engineers, Inc.
This session identifies the need to design an HVAC system around a variable climate. The first study focuses on the transient thermal comfort and sensation reported by subjects over a 20-minute time frame. The second study investigates the effect climate variability would have on Salt Lake County’s future energy demand and air quality impacts, and identifies potential changes communities can incorporate to lower energy demand and improve air quality. The final study explores the interrelationship between climate, enclosure, and micro cogeneration heat to power ratio with the goal of developing and designing enclosure and micro cogeneration systems that are more adaptive to climate changes.
1 Energy Demands for Commercial Buildings with Climate Variability and Associated Air Quality Impacts (LV-17-C039)
The impacts of a changing climate are wide-ranging in both impact and scope. This presentation focuses on the effect climate variability would have on Salt Lake County’s energy demand and air quality impacts. Salt Lake County, UT is a Zone 5, Subtype B climate encompassing the state capital, Salt Lake City, and the University of Utah (UU). Energy demand scenarios derived using climate predictions for 2040-50 are presented at three scales: individual building, central business district, and county level. The Wasatch Front Regional Council’s regional transportation and land use projections for 2040 were used as the backbone of our urbanization growth predictions.
2 Measured Thermal Comfort and Sensation in Highly Transient Environments (LV-17-C040)
Human thermal sensation and comfort are important topics in the design and operation of occupied spaces. Steady state thermal sensation and comfort has been widely studied and has robust predictive models available for designers but responses to transient conditions have received much less attention. The current study reports on the transient thermal comfort and sensation reported by subjects while playing a video game. Chamber temperatures ranged from 25°C starting temperature to 40°C and then back to 25°C in a symmetrical profile design. The rise and fall occurred over a 20 minute time frame.
3 Predicting Micro Cogeneration and Envelope Performance in Future Climates (LV-17-C041)
Micro cogeneration and micro trigeneration technologies have the potential to reduce domestic energy consumption and create more resilient buildings. In this work, variations in residential heat to power ratio due to climate change are assessed in the Northeastern climate of the United States. Simulations of high R-value walls are compared to older wall constructions in current and future climate conditions. Impacts on current micro cogeneration design are discussed. The study explores the interrelationship between climate, enclosure and micro cogeneration heat to power ratio with the goal of developing and designing enclosure and micro cogeneration systems that are more adaptive to climate changes.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 11
Impact of VOCs and Organics on Ventilation System Design
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Hyojin Kim, Ph.D., The Catholic University of America
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can have a serious impact on the IAQ within occupied spaces. This session addresses the use of oxidation as a means of VOC control and removal, and what impact such devices could have on the building ventilation system. One paper also addresses the potential of building occupants as a source of VOCs within the space they occupy.
1 Can Using Active UV-C Technology Reduce the Amount of Bacteria and/or Fungus in the Air and Improve Indoor Air Quality? (LV-17-C042)
UV-C technology has been used as a disinfection method for decades in the healthcare industry. The UV-C wavelength of 253.7 nanometers has been proven to be effective at eliminating or neutralizing dangerous pathogens like C. difficile, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and more. The current technologies focus on cleaning surfaces to reduce healthcare associated infections. Three studies were conducted at an acute care hospital, a children’s hospital and a long term acute care facility to determine if reducing the number of colony forming units of bacteria and/or fungus in the air would improve indoor air quality.
2.00 Effects of Air Flow Rates on VOC Removal Performances of Oxidation-Based Air Cleaning Technologies (LV-17-C044)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major gaseous contaminant group affecting indoor air quality. Various technologies have been applied for the removal of VOCs. There are conventional systems based on adsorption process, i.e., activated carbon and/or potassium permanganate alumina pellets in trays or deep beds, particulate filters incorporating very thin beds of activated carbon or alumina pellets, and carbon cloth. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of air flow rates on the performances of oxidation-based air cleaning technologies including UV with photocatalysts, plasma and ozone generators.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 25
Wire-to-Air Fan Power Performance and Energy Consumption
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Asesh Raychaudhuri, P.E., U S Dept of Veterans Affairs
Technical Committee: 5.1 Fans
CoSponsor: 5.9 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities
Estimating wire-to-air fan power performance and energy consumption requires inclusion of a number of variables and few other consideration. Power performance varies depending on whether the fan is an independent equipment or connected to other accessories. This seminar focuses on describing and explaining the steps and a standardized method to follow.
1 Standardizing Fan System Energy Calculation
Fan systems can be configured with a wide variety of options. The number of combinations and the lack of scaling laws makes testing and rating of fan system energy performance an impractical task. While estimates can be made using component peak efficiencies, these calculations are often applied inconsistently or without part load performance. Method to standardize the calculations under general operating conditions is presented which applies to fan systems containing any combination of regulated poly-phase induction motors, v-belt transmissions, and pulse-width modulated variable frequency drives. This presentation provides detailed review of the underlying assumptions, the calculation procedure, and examples of those calculations.
2 Measurement of Fan Component Efficiency
Wire-to-air fan efficiency depends on individual component efficiencies of the fan, motor, V-belt drive, and VFD. The efficiency of each of these components can be evaluated at full rated load as well as at part loads encountered in VAV systems. Tests were conducted and results will be presented for these components including multiple sizes at various loads. These component efficiencies are also compared with the measured overall fan efficiency.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 26
Small Stuff, Big Problems: Origins and Exposures to Nanoparticles
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Lan Chi Nguyen Weekes, P.Eng., InAIR Environmental Ltd
Sponsor: EHC
Nanomaterials development and application are viewed as an emerging discipline but is that new? Concerns have been raised about exposure to nanomaterials as it presents a unique set of exposure pathways with potentially new benefits and risks. This seminar explores the sources of nanomaterials indoors, their impact on indoor air quality and their associated risks.
1 Airborne Nanoparticles in Residential Environments
There has been much recent attention, and in some cases concern, about airborne exposure to nanoparticles (generally meaning aerodynamic diameters less than 100 µm) associated with engineered nanomaterials. While there are valid questions about these potentials exposures, it is important to understand that so-called incidental nanoparticles are common in outdoor air and are also released from many normal residential activities, e.g. cooking. This presentation explains how airborne nanoparticles are measured, summarize measurements of incidental nanoparticles in a residential environment, and discusses some examples of how engineered nanomaterials in residential environments could be a source of exposure.
2 Exposure Pathways for Nanomaterials from the Indoor Environment
Nanomaterial development and application are viewed as an emerging discipline, but exposure to, and work with materials in the nanoscale has been occurring for centuries. Engineered nanomaterials are heralded for their important, unique characteristics not exhibited by macroscale materials of the same composition. Exposure to nanomaterials presents a unique set of exposure pathways with potentially new benefits and risks. Since the early research with ultrafine particles, new commercial and residential uses of a wide range of nanomaterials are challenging our understanding of the impact of these materials on human health and the environment throughout their lifecycle.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 27
Specifying IoT, Cyber Security and Advanced BAS Sequences and Applications: The Future of Guideline 13
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Kristopher L Kinney, KECG
Technical Committee: 1.4 Control Theory and Application
CoSponsor: 1.5 Computer Applications
Building automation systems are evolving and specifications need to adapt for advances in fault diagnostics, advanced control sequences, smart grid, and methods how to secure them. This session presents the panel’s views on how specifying engineers can improve, secure and enhance new and existing control systems. It highlights efforts of ASHRAE Guideline 13 to stay relevant, include specification language and guidance and provide future specifiers background needed to set the roles and responsibilities without being an expert in those advanced fields. This should be an informative discussion ending with questions to tie it together.
1 Advanced Control Sequences
This presentation examines the scope of Guideline 36 and the research agenda that will fuel its content over the near term. He will also address the integration of Guidline 36 with Guideline 13..
2 Fault Detection and Diagnostics
Discuss aspects of Fault Detection and Diagnostics and how SGPC 13 is moving towards providing guidance and references for the specifier to adopt the technology in their automation projects.
3 Cyber Security
Discuss views on how buildings can, should, and will be more secure and where the convergence of access and risk align for Cyber Security and how SGPC 13 is moving towards providing guidance and references for the specifier to adopt the technologies in their automation projects.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 28
When Good Valve Sizing Goes Bad
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Robert C. Walker, Belimo Aircontrols Usa
Technical Committee: 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
CoSponsor: 1.4 Control Theory and Application
This seminar presents an overview of hydronic control valve sizing with special emphasis on sizing issues which can affect the performance of the control valves. Actual examples of incorrect valve sizing will be shown with an explanation of the problems caused and the solutions required to correct the problems.
1 Basics of Hydronic Control Valve Sizing
This session discusses the correct method of sizing hydronic control valves. Included will be a discussion of valve specification terminology, formulas for valve sizing, pipe geometry factors, and valve authority.
2 Hydronic Valve Sizing: Behind the Curtain
This session presents hydraulic modeling and case studies providing examples of the effects of incorrect control valve sizing that have negatively impacted the hydronic system as well as design strategies that impact system performance and control valve operation.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 29
Zero Net-Energy Buildings: Modeled Predictions and Outcomes
Building Operation and Performance
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Charles Eley, P.E., Eley Consulting
ASHRAE and many other societies and governmental organizations have adopted the Architecture 2030 challenge which calls for new buildings to be zero net-energy (ZNE) by the year 2030. This seminar addresses the technical feasibility of meeting this challenge based on recent analysis, including ASHRAE research on the maximum technical potential for achieving low energy buildings (RP-1651), and the on-site renewable energy production potential for typical climates. Data from measured energy performance (utility bills) of recently constructed ZNE buildings will then be compared to the theoretical targets, and the areas of agreement as well as the gaps will be explored.
1 ZNE Feasibility and Issues By Building Type and Climate
This presentation addresses the technical feasibility of meeting the Architecture 2030 challenge based on recent analysis, including ASHRAE research on the maximum technical potential for achieving low energy buildings (RP-1651), and the on-site renewable energy production potential for typical climates. ASHRAE and many other societies and governmental organizations have adopted the Architecture 2030 challenge which calls for new buildings to be zero net-energy (ZNE) by the year 2030. This seminar addresses the technical feasibility of meeting this challenge based on
2 Comparing Outcomes to Modeling Results
This presentation compares data from measured energy performance (utility bills) of recently constructed ZNE buildings to the targets determined through modeling. Areas of agreement as well as the gaps will be explored.
9:45 AM-11:45 AM
Standing Committees
Development Committee
Sicily (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(24/15) Screen/Electric
10:00 AM-11:45 AM
Standing Committees
Student Branch Advisor Congress
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/0) Screen
10:00 AM-11:45 AM
Standing Committees
Student Congress
Caesars Palace Las Vegas
(30/0) Screen
10:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Environmental Health Program/Research
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Forum 2
Identifying a Minimum List of Contaminants of Concern for Utilizing the IAQ Procedure of Standard 62.1
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Dean Tompkins, Ph.D., Dean Tompkins Group LLC
Technical Committee: TRG4 Indoor Air Quality Procedure Development
Sponsor: SSPC 62.1 (IAQP Subcommittee)
The IAQ Procedure of ASHRAE Standard 62.1 (Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air) is being substantially improved. The TRG4.IAQP (Indoor Air Quality Procedure Development) is developing (for the very first time) a minimum list of Contaminants of Concern (CoC) for use with the IAQP of Standard 62.1. Any gas-phase air cleaning manufacturer/product/ seeking to utilize the IAQ Procedure must establish a (gas-phase) filter efficiency (Ef) when challenged against each contaminant in this minimum list of CoC and in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 145.2. This forum provides attendees the opportunity to discuss/debate/ (a) the minimum number CoC and (b) each specific CoC.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Workshop 7
Key Impacts of ASHRAE Standards on Waterside Construction and Design
Building Operation and Performance
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
James Robert Fields, ASHRAE
Technical Committee: 7.2 HVAC&R Construction & Design Build Technologies
ASHRAE standards have become building codes throughout North America. Contractors and design build engineers are expected to apply standards to construction projects. In the real world of HVAC hydronic system construction, we find a lack of understanding of basic sections. This workshop takes a common sense approach to specific sections of Standard 90.1 and others that have a direct impact on HVAC installation and design. Then approach this from a real world perspective, explaining why they are needed from an energy and health standpoint. This workshop is about understanding a few important sections and why ASHRAE has included them.
1 Key Impacts of ASHRAE Standards on Waterside Construction and Design
Many ASHRAE Standards Have become building codes. Contractors and Design Build Engineers apply these standards to their projects. HVAC Hydronice systems construction often reveals a lack of awareness and understanding of basic sections. This workshop takes a common sense approach to specific sections of 90.1 and others that have a direct impact on Waterside construction and design. The goal is to approach this from a real world perspective explaining why they are needed from an energy and health standpoint.
2 Impact of ASHRAE Standards on Piping Systems
Design build contractors make a lot of decisions and sometimes the decisions they make have far reaching impacts on system performance and energy consumption. This short presentation is informative to attendees.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 12
IAQ in the Airline Industry
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Luke Leung, P.E., Skidmore Owings & Merrill
For both passengers and crew members, the quality of air that is circulated within commercial airliners is of particular concern. ASHRAE Standard 161, Air Quality Within Commercial Aircraft, deals with this issue, amongst many others. This session presents papers addressing the difficulties in measuring contaminants in the air in aircraft cabins, and what contaminants need to be measured. One paper also explores the exposure of airline personnel to contaminants both in the air and on the ground.
1 Measurement and Exposure of Airline Staff to Tri-Cresyl Phosphates from Engine Oil (LV-17-C045)
To prevent corrosion, tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) is added to aircraft engine oil. TCP occurs in a mixture of ten different isomers. The ortho isomers of TCP are known to be the most neurotoxic, however at present it is unknown in what concentration the ortho and the other isomers occur in cabin air, due to leakage in the air conditioning system, and in engine exhaust fumes. Various professions of airline staff may be exposed to concentrations of TCP. This research describes the assessment of the exposure through measurements inside the cockpit during flight, spot measurements on the ramp and personal measurements of ground mechanics.
2 The Nature of Particulates in Aircraft Bleed Air Resulting from Oil Contamination (LV-17-C046)
ASHRAE Standard 161, Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft, includes a requirement for bleed air sensors to detect contamination from lubricating oil. One potential approach to meeting this requirement is through particle detection. A four-part experimental program was conducted to develop a detailed characterization of particles that result when bleed air is contaminated with lubricating oil. This research shows that development of sensors for detecting oil contamination in aircraft bleed air should focus on ultrafine particle detection and sensing of low contamination levels may require sensitivity to extreme ultrafine particles 10 nanometers and smaller.
3 Experimental Determination of the Characteristics of Lubricating Oil Contamination in Bleed Air (LV-17-C047)
The outside air used to pressurize and ventilate the cabin during flight is supplied by bleed air from the propulsion engine compressors on most airliners. The potential for this air to be contaminated by lubricating oil from leaking engine seals and other sources is believed to be rare. ASHRAE Standard 161, Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft, addresses this issue and includes a requirement for bleed air oil contamination sensing. This standard does not address the technology to be used for this sensing nor does it provide guidance about the physical characteristics of the contaminants as they appear in the bleed air.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 13
Solar Effectiveness from Roofs to Cooling Panels
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Ratnesh Tiwari, Ph.D., University of Maryland
This session examines performance aspects of three rather different radiation sensitive components/systems used on building envelopes. The first presentation looks at energy saving/thermal comfort trade-offs when different control strategies are used for a system that couples nocturnal radiative cooling panels with phase change ceiling panels in Denmark. The second compares the performance of transparent and opaque building integrated photoVoltaic/thermal collectors in two different locations in Canada. The last paper presents comprehensive measurements of roof solar reflectivity made on 30 different buildings in each of three different cities around the U.S. to get a better understanding of the field performance of high solar reflectivity roofing materials.
1 Field Measurements of Solar Reflectivity for In-Service Single Ply Roof Membranes (LV-17-C048)
High solar reflectivity roof membranes have been a focal point of energy saving efforts in building design. These efforts have been codified in the International Code Council (ICC) International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and the American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHAE) Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. In both of these texts prescriptive aged and or initial roof membrane solar reflectivity is specified. This paper reports the numerical findings of this study, examines causation for the differential levels solar reflectivity values discovered and proposes guidelines for roof membrane solar reflectivity used for design and modeling.
2 Parametric Analysis of the Control System of Solar Panels for Nocturnal Radiative Cooling Coupled with PCM Ceiling Panels (LV-17-C049)
As HVAC systems advance to meet the energy savings goals, their control system becomes increasingly complicated. In order to optimize the operation of a control system, the ideal combination of its parameters need to be realized, aiming at providing an acceptable indoor environment as defined by the standards and at the same time reducing the energy use as much as possible. In this simulation study, the coupling of solar panels with Phase Change Material (PCM) ceiling panels for cooling an office room was examined during the cooling season of Copenhagen (Denmark) by means of dynamic simulations.
3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Transparent and Opaque BIPV/T Collectors: Roof and Façade Integration (LV-17-C050)
Building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system provides sustainable solution in design structure as part of the building envelop. A mathematical model was developed for transparent and opaque BIPV/T collector, (TBIPV/T) and (BIPV/T). Both models were implemented in TRNSYS to conduct comparative study. A single zone house was modeled in TRNSYS to conduct a case study to evaluate the performance of each collectors. Comparative studies were performed between both systems, each integrated into the façade and roof of the house for two locations in Canada.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 30
Electronic Project and Document Management: An Introduction and ASHRAE’s System
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
James Arnold, P.E., Haslett Heating and Cooling
Technical Committee: 1.7 Business, Management & General Legal Education
Sponsor: Electronic Communications Committee
Electronic project management systems and collaborative editing tools are collaborative programs for business and design professionals. These systems can include document management and retention, project scheduling and communication. The communications can include proposals, budgets, submittals, information requests, timelines, submittals and more. With any new system, training and standardizing procedures for efficiency and sustained usage are important. Additionally, this session covers the ASHRAE selected project management system Basecamp. Including the goals of using Basecamp, where ASHRAE is currently, and what the challenges were. Lastly, a demonstration of the ASHRAE Authoring Portal, a collaborative editing tool is shown, including sample projects.
1 Basecamp Fundamentals
This presentation covers the background of the selection of Basecamp. What were the problems and proposed solutions for this system? Additionally, the presentation demonstrates the operation of Basecamp.
2 ASHRAE Authoring Portal
This presentation explains the operation of the ASHRAE Authoring portal and demonstrates the usage. Additionally, the speaker covers ASHRAE's legal and property concerns.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 31
Ref Cooling Water-Saturation Indices: Understanding the Water Balance When Designing and Operating a HVAC System
Water-Energy Nexus
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Dan B. Weimar, Chem-Aqua, Inc
Technical Committee: 3.6 Water Treatment
Specifying the water usage ratio for HVAC equipment is an increasing goal in high performance building designs. This session introduces the concept of saturation indices for heat transfer systems, and demonstrate the tools available for predicting water consumption, water treatment control limits and chemical treatment directives. We will further delve into how the indices can be utilized to develop a successful water treatment program which balance water consumption and equipment life. This seminar provides the engineer, owner and operator with the tools and understanding necessary, for an efficient HVAC system, regardless of local makeup water quality.
1 Should Your Water be Used As Delivered? Softened? Blended Back? RO? or What? If Blended Back, How Much?
Engineers often work on projects in areas where they have not worked before. When that happens, how do we decide whether the incoming water should be used as-is or treated for domestic use? Should it be softened? Should only hot water be softened? Should soft and raw water be blended? If so, in what ration? Is RO needed for some applications? This presentation introduces a spreadsheet that may become an ASHRAE tool offering that will help engineers to make those decisions based on something more than what the building next door does.
2 How Water Treatment Programs Utilize Saturation Indices to Reduce Water Consumption and Protect System Equipment: A Case Study
Specifying the water usage ratio for HVAC equipment is an increasing goal in high performance building designs. This session introduces the concept of saturation indices for heat transfer systems, and demonstrate the tools available for predicting water consumption, water treatment control limits and chemical treatment directives. Presenters explore how the indices can be utilized to develop a successful water treatment program which balance water consumption and equipment life. This seminar provides the engineer, owner and operator with the tools and understanding necessary, for an efficient HVAC system, regardless of local makeup water quality
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 32
What Fire and Safety Engineers Have Learned Since the MGM Grand Fire in Las Vegas and What Are Present Day Fire and Life Safety Codes and Applications
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Buildings and Systems Analytics
Technical Committee: 9.12 Tall Buildings
The MGM Grand Fire in 1980 created a new thought process and applications on how fire and life safety systems in buildings are addressed. This session provides a description of the 1980 fire and lessons learned as well as an overview of present day fire and life safety codes, especially applications for tall, supertall and Mega-tall buildings.
1 The MGM Grand Fire and What Was Learned
On November 21, 1980, one of the worst fire tragedies in US history happened at the MGM Grand Hotel on the famous Las Vegas “strip.” This fire killed 87 people, and approximately 70% of the fatalities were on the upper floors due to smoke inhalation. This paper discusses the fire including what made this tragedy happen. After this fire, many fire safety improvements have been made including advances in smoke control that would have significantly reduced the death toll.
2 What Are the Latest Fire and Life Safety Codes and Regulations for Buildings, Especially Tall, Supertall and Mega-tall Buildings?
Fire and life safety is probably the most important code compliant factors in modern building design. This presentation reviews the present code regulations and applications and in particular fire and life safety code issues for tall, supertall and megatall building systems.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Panel
Fifty Shades of Hydronic Balancing: The His, Hers and Theirs of Flow Control
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Hailey Mick, IMI Flow Design
In a world where options for balancing seems to be limitless and completely based on personal preference, we offer you the opportunity to hear from industry experts who advocate on behalf of manual balancing valves, automatic balancing valves and pressure independent control valves. While undoubtedly not as exciting as the 2016 US Presidential debates we have recently endured, in this forum we will learn the good, the bad, and the ugly of each device, the appropriate application for use, and the differences between them all allowing us to make a more informed decision on what to use in future projects.
1 Panelist 1
2 Panelist 2
3 Panelist 3
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Publishing and Education Council Research Journal Subcommittee
Forum 18 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0)
2:00 PM-3:30 PM
Standing Committees
Publishing and Education Council Fiscal
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(17/8) Screen
2:15 PM-3:45 PM
Poster 1
Poster Session
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Presentation of ASHRAE Technical Papers by Poster. ASHRAE Conference Badge Required.
1 Accounting for Non-Quadratic Behavior of AHU Systems in Determination of Air Flow Rate (LV-17-001)
This article proves that the use of Fan Law Equations to calculate changes in air flow and pressure lead to significant errors in cases where air handling units have considerable internal resistance. It also demonstrates methodologies for a more accurate calculation of fan system parameters.
2 Analysis of Refrigeration and HVAC Impacts on Supermarket Energy Performance (RP-1467) (LV-17-002)
The work was completed under ASHRAE Research Project 1467-RP Balancing Latent Heat Load between Display Cases and Store Comfort Cooling. The overall objective is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential for energy savings in supermarkets by optimized design and operation of the combined HVAC and refrigeration systems. The research addresses the impact of supermarket design, HVAC and refrigeration system design, temperature and humidity setpoints, and store location. The study uses EnergyPlus as the simulation tool for modeling supermarkets, and generally found good agreement with both measured results and expected outcomes on an individual variable level.
3 BIM-Enabled Operations and Maintenance Work Processes (RP-1609) (LV-17-003)
The primary objective of the 1609 research project was to formally specify information exchange use cases for O&M work processes based on existing ASHRAE publications. Four use cases were developed from Guideline 4, Standard 180, Service Life and Maintenance Cost database, and Standard 105. A fifth combined use case, focused on asset management. A User Guide was written to help practitioners implement a practical asset management program. These products can be adopted by O&M professionals to bring Building Information Modeling (BIM) techniques into their practice and increase ASHRAE involvement in adopting BIM technologies to support its members’ work processes.
4 Comparison of Approaches to Deep Energy Retrofit of Buildings with Low and High Internal Loads and Ventilation Requirements (LV-17-004)
One of the critical tasks of the International Energy Agency’s Energy Conservation in Buildings and Communities (IEC ECBC) Program’s Annex 61 “Business and Technical Concepts for Deep Energy Retrofit (DER) of Public Buildings” is to develop bundles of core technologies (measures), which, when applied in major renovation projects to older (pre-1980) buildings, allow site energy reduction by 50% or better compared to the pre-renovation baseline. This paper shows that application of a core technologies bundle to dining facilities, which have high process loads and ventilation requirements, significantly improves energy use in the building compared to the typical renovation scenario.
5 Deep Energy Retrofit of Presidio Army Barracks (LV-17-005)
Presidio of Monterey, host to the military’s premier language training institute, faces the same challenges as other Army bases in managing its aging building stock. This paper demonstrates the acquisitions strategies employed and field lessons learned in an attempt to better guide prospective DER project stakeholders. This project employed a regimented process to its various contracting phases with some strategic augmentation to support the DER method that are transferrable to similar retrofit efforts. There have also been many process-based and technical takeaways that can be used to bolster future DER work at Presidio, in the Army, and throughout the sustainability industry.
6 Deep Energy Retrofits in Federal Buildings: The Value, Funding Models and Best Practices (LV-17-006)
Deep energy retrofits can supercharge our transition to a clean energy future without relying on radical technologies or untested methods. Buildings are the largest energy-consuming sector in the United States and 80% of existing buildings today will likely remain in operation by 2030, making existing building retrofits essential to national and global energy and carbon reduction strategies. There are three main funding mechanisms to deliver deep energy retrofits to federal facilities: congressionally appropriated funding, performance contracting, including commonly used energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) and a combined funding model blending appropriations with ESPC. This paper focuses on ESPCs and the emerging combined funding model.
7 Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficient between Heated Floor and Space Using the Principles of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 138 Test Chamber (LV-17-007)
In this study, heat transfer coefficients for radiant floor heating systems were investigated in a special test chamber that is one of the very first implementation of the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 138 in the world. Radiant systems offer high energy and exergy efficient sensible heating and cooling potential. These systems can be directly coupled with low enthalpy, renewable or waste heat resources. Heat transfer coefficients are important design parameters for radiant systems that effects the heat transfer capacity of the heated/cooled surface to indoor. In this study, radiant, convective and total heat transfer coefficients for radiant floor heating are investigated experimentally.
8 Determination of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient for Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Windows: An Experimental Methodology (LV-17-008)
As Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (STPV) windows are advancing within the building and window industry, the need for deeper understanding and quantification of key performance parameters such as the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), operating temperature profile and electrical power output is required. This study proposes an experimental methodology suited to the determination of the SHGC of STPV windows. The methodology presented utilizes an indoor solar simulator and calorimeter facility. A SHGC reduction from 2% to 20% was estimated, when the STPV windows were tested with no-load and with load applied at maximum power point.
9 Development of Heat Transfer Model for Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panel through Combined Experimental and Simulation Study (LV-17-009)
The study describes an experimental and simulation study to estimate load handling capacity and thermal performance of radiant cooling system installed in existing building in India. To evaluate thermal performance and capacity, experiments are conducted and simulations were carried out using EnergyPlus tool. Building model was calibrated using the experimental results and a parametric analysis at different operating condition has been done on calibrated model. The results are validated by evaluating the characteristic performance exponent (nco’’) given in ASHRAE Standard 138.
10 Diurnal and Seasonal Experimental Performance of a Liquid Desiccant Solar Regenerator (LV-17-010)
A solar collector cum regenerator (C/R) is a key component of a liquid desiccant air cooling system that concentrates liquid desiccant flowing over its absorber surface. Simultaneous collection of solar energy and evaporation of water occurs as the solution flows over the absorber surface of the solar C/R being exposed to the ambient air throughout sunshine period. This paper discusses the use of a single solution tank for regeneration of liquid desiccants (LiCl and CaCl2 solutions) using a solar C/R of absorber area 4.0 m2 using experimentally collected data sets in a day (9am up to 4 pm) across seasons.
11 Effect of Supply Air Temperature on Air Distribution in a Room with Radiant Heating and Mechanical Ventilation (LV-17-011)
The present study focused on the effect of supply air temperature on air distribution in a room with floor heating (FH) or ceiling heating (CH) and mixing ventilation (MV) or displacement ventilation (DV). The vertical distribution of air temperature and velocity in the occupied zone and the horizontal distribution of containment concentration in the breathing zone were measured as the supply air temperature ranged from 15.0℃ to 19.0℃. The results showed that the vertical air temperature differences were less than 0.3℃ with FH+MV or CH+MV and between 1.9℃ and 4.2℃ with FH+DV or CH+DV. The turbulence intensity varied from 12.5% to 15.5% with FH+MV or CH+MV, and from 6.0% to 10.8% with FH+DV or CH+DV. The air distribution effectiveness was close to 1.0 with FH+MV or CH+MV, and between 1.06 and 1.16 with FH+DV or CH+DV. The results in this paper are relevant to the design and control of the hybrid systems with radiant heating systems and mechanical ventilation systems.
12 Energy Analysis of a LEED Silver Certified Dining Hall on an Academic Campus: A Revisit Three Years after Its Initial Certification (LV-17-012)
Many organizations take pride in improving the energy efficiency of their buildings through certifications such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). However, due to limited accountability for energy consumption on a building level, particularly after some period of operation, LEED certification may not necessarily translate into efficient building operation in the long run. This paper details an energy analysis and a building energy simulation of a LEED Silver dining hall which was diagnosed with poor energy efficiency performance and appeared among Facilities Management list of buildings that needed prompt attention on the University of Maryland’s (UMD) campus.
13 Energy Solution for Laboratory Facilities (LV-17-013)
Laboratory facilities remain expensive to operate because of the extraordinary volume of once-through exhaust air required by chemical fume hoods. Traditionally, laboratory fume hood operation is perceived as a laminar flow process to capture and contain contaminants inside the hood, and relies on face velocity to establish the volume of air required when the hood is in use. Conversely, vortex fume hood operation is understood as a dilution process that utilizes turbulence to dissolve and contain contaminants in the air stream and employs air changes per minute to establish the volume of air that passes through the hood.
14 Evaluation of Alternative Refrigerants for Mini-Split Air Conditioners (LV-17-014)
The phase-out of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants in developing countries is currently under way according to the Montreal Protocol. R-22 is one of the most commonly used HCFCs in the developing nations. It is extremely well suited for air conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) in high ambient temperature environments. Non-Article 5 countries have already gone through the phase-out of HCFCs and settled on using R-410A as the refrigerant of choice for AC applications. Previous studies have shown that R-410A results in significant capacity and performance degradation at higher ambient temperature conditions. There is a growing concern about finding alternative refrigerants to R-22 that would have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), lower global warming potential (GWP), and at the same time maintain acceptable performance at higher ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the developed world’s transition through higher GWP refrigerants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and HFC blends resulted in significant direct CO2 equivalent emissions. It is imperative to develop a bridge for developing nations to avoid the transition from HCFC to HFC and then from HFC to alternative lower GWP refrigerants. This paper summarizes data from an experimental campaign on alternative refrigerant evaluation for R-22 and R-410A substitutes for mini-split air conditioners designed for high ambient temperature environments. The experimental evaluation was performed according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 37, and the performance was rated at test conditions specified by ANSI/AHRI 210-240 and ISO 5151.
15 Experimental Comparison of Energy Optimal Coordinated Control Strategies for Heat Pump Systems (LV-17-015)
Variable speed heat pump systems offer capabilities for advanced control strategies that coordinate the operation of compressor, valve and fans to maximize efficiency while tracking changing heating and cooling loads. However, advanced multivariable controllers can be more complex to design, implement and troubleshoot. This paper presents energy optimal coordinated control strategies, with varying levels of complexity, ranging from decoupled PID control to Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) multivariable control. The advantages and disadvantages of the three strategies are analyzed and compared in simulation and experiment.
16 Experimental Measurement of Frosting Limits in Cross-Flow Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers (LV-17-016)
Frosting in air-to-air energy exchangers is a common problem when the outdoor air temperature is very low. Membrane-based air-to-air energy exchangers which are capable of moisture transfer as well as sensible heat transfer may assist in overcoming frosting. To understand the effect of water vapor transfer on frosting, laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate the frosting conditions for two geometrically identical air-to-air cross-flow plate exchangers. One exchanger is made with a water vapor permeable membrane (energy exchanger), while the other exchanger is made with an impermeable polymer film with similar thickness (heat exchanger).
17 Implementation of Advanced DER EPC Business Models in Dormitories in Mannheim/Germany (LV-17-017)
This paper discusses strategies to improve the cost efficiency of DER. In most cases a DER is started with a general refurbishment which covers all major non energy related investments and the investments to accomplish the minimum energy requirement for the building stock. The cost efficiency for any measure beyond the minimum energy requirements will be accomplished by accounting the energy savings in pay back periods of less of half of the average life cycle of the building; this might be acceptable for the public sector but will find no large acceptance in the commercial sector.
18 Infiltration and Heating Load Analysis of an Apartment with Respect to Window Type, Window Location and Lock Operation (LV-17-018)
Fossil fuels including petroleum, coal and natural gas are being currently used as energy sources resulting in global warming. Energy consumed by buildings accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption. Further, heat losses through windows inside buildings account for 20-40% of cooling and heating loads. In addition, various studies on energy saving are being carried out. In the present study, tightness of windows has been analyzed according to KS F 2292 by using sliding and high-performing lift sliding windows. Further, TRNSYS17 has been used to analyze infiltration and heating load with respect to lock operation and location.
19 In-Situ Fan Curve Calibration for Virtual Airflow Sensor Implementation in VAV Systems (LV-17-019)
Due to high installation costs and space limitations, airflow measurements with physical meters in air handling units are not adequate or/and accurate for energy efficient operations. Virtual airflow sensors that calculate airflow rate based on measurable operational data using fan curves provide a promising alternative. However, in-situ fan curves, rather than the manufacturer’s fan curves, are needed for accurate airflow calculations. This paper explores a comprehensive procedure for accurate in-situ fan curve calibration in variable air volume (VAV) systems by addressing three technical challenges.
20 Measurement and Verification of Efficiency Upgrades in Chilled Water Systems (LV-17-020)
As the energy efficiency industry evolves more complex efficiency projects, such as chilled water system upgrades, are being implemented. This is due to both the completion of simpler efficiency projects on many sites and the large room for efficiency improvements in chilled water systems that are custom designed for each application and site. In most cases owners prefer third-party measurement and verification (M&V) of the efficiency projects. Additionally, electrical utilities see benefits in incentivizing and claiming energy efficiency projects. This paper discusses the different available methodologies and their limitations.
21 Optimization Under Economic Uncertainty: Effect of Solar Variability on Energy and Economic Indicators (LV-17-021)
Energy models are commonly used to examine the multitude of pathways to achieve high-performance buildings. As presently practiced, a deterministic approach is used to evaluate incremental design improvements to achieve performance targets. However, significant insight can be gained by examining the implications of modelling assumptions using a probabilistic approach. This paper describes a reproducible methodology which aids modelers in identifying energy and economic uncertainties due to variabilities in solar exposure. This approach improves modelling outcomes by factoring in the effect of variability in assumptions and improves confidence in simulation results.
22 Portable Small Scale Multi Nozzle Volumetric Flow Meter with Exit Pressure Control (LV-17-022)
Due to the rapid development of the engineering technology and the improvement of the living environment, the application scope of the fluid machines are becoming more various. In this study a comparative study on some representative anemometers and flow meters, which are used at the local sites, is conducted. It is intended to suggest a new kind of portable flow meter that supplements the existing restriction. Also in this study, an experiment comparing a mass flow meter is conducted in order to confirm the accuracy of the performance of the multi-nozzle testing apparatus conforming to ANSI/ASHRAE 51-1999.
23 Potential of U-Shaped Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger in Tropical Climates for Low Sensible Heat Ratio (LV-17-023)
Air conditioning in buildings that house moisture sensitive products like libraries, museums, and supermarkets etc. needs strict control of humidity. The sensible heat ratio in many such applications tend to be low and energy intensive conventional means of humidity control using electrical/gas fired heaters is not finding favor with designers and ASHRAE. Various alternative ways to avoid reheating include Desiccant Rotor System, Plate to Plate Heat Exchanger, Glycol based run around coil, Heat Pipe based Heat Exchanger (HPHE) etc. This paper presents the development of a U- shaped HPHE starting from fabrication of heat pipes to their assembly in tube fin type heat exchanger.
24 Reducing the Need for Electrical Storage by Coupling Solar PVs and Precooling in Three Residential Building Types in the Phoenix Climate (LV-17-024)
Increasing residential air-conditioning demand and the growing number of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in the residential sector have increased electrical net energy demand fluctuation. These severe fluctuations lead to a need for flexible generation capacities that can rapidly meet the fluctuating demands. To combat these fluctuations, utility companies have introduced different price plans to financially incentivize customers to reduce their demand during certain hours of the day, making residential electricity demand constant (or “flat”) for the daytime hours. This paper explores the feasibility of coupling precooling with PV to achieve “flat” residential net demand in three Phoenix, Arizona homes.
25 Sequencing Control of Parallel Pumps in Variable Flow Systems Using Wire-to-Water Efficiency (LV-17-025)
Motor-driven pumps recirculate chilled water and hot water in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. The purpose of this paper is to develop an optimal pump sequencing control with improved water-wire efficiency model. First, the wire-to-water efficiency of VFD-motor-pump systems is improved by applying a motor equivalent circuit method to calculate the motor efficiency at variable frequency, and then the wire-to-water efficiency is simulated and applied to develop the optimal operating regions for a secondary chilled water system with three parallel pumps.
26 Wireless Heating Management System and Tenant Usage Behavior in Bulk-Metered Apartment Buildings: A Case Study (LV-17-026)
This paper investigates the impacts of a wireless heating management system for electrical baseboard heaters in two bulk-metered apartment buildings located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. A tenant survey was conducted one year after the initial installation to study the thermal comfort impact of this system. Overall this system has produced promising energy and cost reductions as much as 33% with little negative impact in tenants’ overall thermal comfort during the heating seasons. However, the authors still caution the installation of similar systems and feasibility studies should be performed to determine the suitability of such systems.
2:15 PM-4:15 PM
Standing Committees
Region-at-Large
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(40/0) Screen
2:15 PM-5:00 PM
Standing Committees
AEDG Steering Committee
Forum 18 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/10) Electric
2:15 PM-5:30 PM
Standing Committees
Honors & Awards
Pompeian II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/5) Screen/Electric
2:15 PM-6:15 PM
Standing Committees
Environmental Health Committee
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/20) Screen
3:30 PM-5:00 PM
Standing Committees
Publishing and Education Council Functional
Livorno (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(17/8) Screen
4:15 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Associate Society Alliance
Florentine III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(65/70) Screen
4:30 PM-6:30 PM
Standing Committees
Refrigeration PMS for RP-1634
Forum 21 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/0) Screen
7:30 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Technology Council: Operations Subcommittee
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/15) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 14
Optimizing Energy and Ventilation in Residential Applications
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Frank Shadpour, P.E., SC Engineers, Inc.
This session examines multiple issues related to residential energy efficiency using laboratory results and modeling studies. Air conditioners are typically evaluated using SEER ratings based on performance measurements made across a very limited range of conditions. Measurements made across a much wider range of conditions are presented to help understand how variable capacity systems perform. Another paper discusses the impact of different mechanical ventilation systems used in multi-family buildings on building aesthetics, capital cost, annual energy cost, systems and equipment maintenance, and green construction rating impact. A method using singular value decomposition is introduced to reduce the computation time needed to carry out comprehensive energy optimization studies for residential buildings is introduced and used to perform case studies on a building in six different U.S. locations. Another study looks at the impact of various retrofits and air conditioner upgrades in Saudi Arabia. The final presentation finds differences of as much as +/- 50% in the annual electricity and gas use for the same house calculated by four widely used energy modeling programs and explores reasons for these differences.
1 Building Impacts of Code Compliant Ventilation in Multi-Family Dwellings (LV-17-C051)
Recently the majority of multi-family residential buildings have satisfied the ventilation requirements of the dwelling units via natural ventilation and have not provided an additional means of mechanical ventilation. Changes to ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and the adoption of those changes into local codes require multi-family dwelling units to be mechanically ventilated. This paper evaluates systems and equipment available to meet the code mandated mechanical ventilation requirements and discusses the impacts of the selection on the building. Areas of impact evaluated are building aesthetics, capital cost, annual energy cost, utility billing structure, building space requirements, systems and equipment maintenance and green construction rating impact.
2 Life Cycle Cost Optimization of Residential Buildings (LV-17-C052)
The optimization of energy efficient housing is a highly complex problem involving hundreds of parameters due to the many options that exist at the time that a building is being designed. To perform the optimization in an acceptable time frame, singular value decomposition is used to reduce the number of design variables by identifying those that contribute most strongly to the optimization problem. A case study of residential buildings in six separate locations across the U.S. is performed and the results are discussed.
3 Investigation of Potential Energy Savings in Retrofitting a Residential Building at Riyadh's Weather Conditions (LV-17-C053)
Recent official statistics have shown that Saudi Arabia electricity consumption growth rate at 7%. Buildings primary energy consumption and electricity consumption are 23% and 80%, respectively. This trend of high energy consumption is expected to rise in the upcoming few years. According to governmental statistics, 70% of the buildings in Saudi are not insulated. Furthermore, most of the air-conditioners in existing buildings were installed before enforcing minimum performance standards on air-conditioners. In this paper, an uninsulated existing residential building model was developed and validated against utility data.
4 Real-World Assessment of Three Residential Variable Capacity Air Conditioners of Varying SEER (LV-17-C054)
Variable capacity technology is a core feature in high efficiency air conditioners available in the residential, ducted market. Residential variable capacity air conditioners are available in a range of Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratios (SEER), exceeding the federal minimum levels. Energy efficiency program implementers seek to understand the efficiency impact of variable capacity systems for their climates and applications. Program implementers seek guidance on structuring their programs based on available industry ratings. This report examines the performance of three variable capacity systems of varying SEER over a range of real-world operating conditions, away from the current standard testing conditions for SEER.
5 Comparison of Building Energy Simulation Models for Residential Homes (LV-17-C055)
Annual energy consumption of a 1200 square foot residential home was modeled using four energy modeling programs: CBECC-Res, BEopt, EnergyPro, and REM/Rate. A baseline house was developed that met California Title 24 Standards, and both slab and crawlspace foundations were considered. The baseline house was additionally modified to have non-compliant (lower-efficiency) inputs, as well as advanced-efficiency inputs, for parameters including insulation, window properties, HVAC system efficiencies and air infiltration. For given set of inputs, the four models produced significant variations in calculated annual electricity and natural gas consumption with differences as high as +/- 50%.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 15
Ventilation Systems and Their Impact on IAQ and Energy
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Van Baxter, ORNL
HVAC engineers often face conflicting system design goals of maximizing IAQ while minimizing energy usage. This session addresses this complex topic by presenting several different approaches for ‘walking the line’. New information on the measured performance of flexible duct systems is shared, and both clever design and novel control strategies for both active and passive ventilation systems are discussed.
1 Whole-Building Fault Detection: A Scalable Approach Using Spectral Methods (LV-17-C056)
In this work, a novel approach for the automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) of building HVAC operation is introduced utilizing properties of the Koopman operator to extend the capabilities of rules-based FDD approaches. The Koopman operator is an infinite-dimensional, linear operator that captures nonlinear, finite dimensional dynamics. These mathematical aspects translate into algorithms which can effectively evaluate the magnitude and coincidence of data. Using properties of the operator, building management system (BMS) trend data can be decomposed into components which allow the capture of device-to-device interactions as well as device behavior at varying time-scales.
2 Indoor Air Quality of Naturally Ventilated Buildings in a Roadside Environment (LV-17-C057)
Natural ventilation is one of the most important green building features. Although the intention is often to reduce energy consumption, natural ventilation strategies may deteriorate indoor air quality (IAQ) when in close proximity to major roadways. This study employs a CFD-based air quality model to quantify the impact of traffic-related air pollution on the IAQ of a naturally ventilated building in a near-road environment. Our study found that the building envelope restricts dispersion and dilution of particulate matter (PM).
3 Ductless Car Park Ventilation: Global Trends and Design Practices (LV-17-C058)
As cars are parked within an underground parking structure, CO and other exhaust fumes are emitted into the atmosphere. There is a need for an efficient ventilation system that can remove these toxins, circulate fresh air into the garage, and assist fire fighters in the case of a fire emergency. There are two options for this task: ducted or ductless ventilation. Ducted ventilation is heavily used in the US and other global markets. While this has been the standard for many years, innovations in the field of ventilation have shifted the conventional ventilation system towards ductless designs.
4 Lessons Learned of Applying Indoor Air Quality Procedure in Commercial Buildings (LV-17-C059)
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013 provides two alternative procedures for selecting the minimum ventilation rate for commercial buildings: the prescriptive Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP); and the rarely used performance-based Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP). The IAQP allows lower ventilation rates than the VRP and, at a minimum, maintains the same indoor air quality, providing additional contaminant reduction strategies are applied. This paper provides examples, benefits and lessons learned from applying IAQP in various commercial buildings located in a variety of climates.
5 Experimental Measurement of the Hydrodynamics and Thermal Behavior of Airflow in a "Flex-Duct" Air Distribution System (LV-17-C060)
Flexible duct air distribution systems are used in a large percentage of residential and small commercial buildings in the United States. Very little empirical or predictive data is available to help provide the HVAC design engineers with reliable information. The aim of this research is to measure experimentally using the guidelines of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 120-2008 the friction loss of the air flow inside a realistic layout out flexible duct used for residential/small commercial buildings.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 33
Considerations in Hydronic Heating System Design and Performance
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Jennifer E. Leach, P.E., Harsco Industrial Patterson-Kelley
To familiarize the audience on the critical considerations involved in successful design and performance of hydronic heating systems, specifically incorporating condensing boiler technology, and the effects of proper vs. improper venting and the necessity of water treatment in multi-metal systems.
1 Considerations in Hydronic Heating Systems Design
Vapor and combustion by-products combine to create highly acidic condensate. This restricts the types of metal used in condensing appliances for hydronic heating. Prior practice was to use building location, lighting design and other factors and 20°F ΔT calculations for designing hydronic heating systems. This led to systems designed for worst case scenarios, resulting in overcapacity and wasted energy. With the emphasis on Green design, systems should and can be designed to building load. New technology in controls, segmented systems and lead lag capability allow systems to only use the energy needed, to provide the appropriate amount of heat.
2 "Green" Water Treatment in a Multi-Metal System
The more industrial boilers are used, the more potential for corrosion exists, resulting in shortened appliance life. An extremely effective method for reducing corrosion is water treatment. This presentation covers the typical metals found in boiler systems, system operation, corrosion causes and effects, focusing on the effects of corrosion on hydronic heating systems. Systems with and without water treatment through conventional and green corrosion inhibitors are examined along with options for maintaining system efficiency.
3 Special Gas Venting Systems Proper System Design for Category IV Appliances
This presentation covers venting requirements for high efficiency hydronic heating systems, including venting basics as well as special gas venting systems for Category II, III & IV. Appliance manufacturer’s requirements and proper system design will be discussed along with Code Compliance with National Fuel Gas Code and design Criteria for NFGC Compliance. Proper system design is examined with pressure drop and draft calculations as well as the results of inadequate draft and over draft control. Finally, proper application of design is reviewed as it pertains to high efficiency, condensing hydronic heating systems.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 34
Delivering Real Buildings That Meet High Performance Design Ambition
Building Operation and Performance
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Tim Dwyer, CEng, UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering (IEDE)
Sponsor: CIBSE ASHRAE Liaison Committee
CoSponsor: 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
When buildings are designed the predicted energy performance is often over optimistic and, in many cases, owners and occupants suffer from excessive operational costs with unsustainable buildings. This seminar considers how this performance gap can be practically removed by applying methods that more properly understand the reality of the operating building; the sensible application of data rich building modelling software for lifelong performance and future refurbishment; by unravelling end-user expectation to inform the design and construction of a world-beating basketball arena and, finally, by connecting design with performance. Real projects are used to illustrate the explanations.
1 Towards Robust Building Design: A Systematic Approach to Mitigate Design Risk
Modern buildings designed for certification under green building rating systems are commonly rated high based on their predicted energy performance. In many cases, their actual performance deviates from the prediction. The discrepancy can be attributed to the difference between the assumptions made in the building design and the actual operating conditions. It is important to identify robust designs that perform consistently even under varying conditions. This presentation proposes a design approach that incorporates risk assessment for multiple design aspects into an energy performance evaluation workflow. The approach will help mitigate design bias in conventional design approaches.
2 The Role of Building Information Modelling Data for Design and Post Design Purposes
This seminar considers the Glorya Kaufman International Dance Center at the University of Southern California LA project that was handed over in summer 2016. Working with the demanding, yet knowledgeable, technical facilities team the fully connected MEP BIM systems model was developed employing equipment manufacturers' BIM components with data rich component information. As well as delivering design detail the BIM provided record drawings with commissioning data and drastically reduced the RFIs compared the traditional design flow. The BIM model will be maintained by the on-site facilities team and updated to manage maintenance and to inform future refurbishment work.
3 Reinventing the Professional Sports Arena
This presentation sets out a methodology that resets the traditional brute force approach applied in North American venue HVAC design and develops a performance based solution focusing on the wellness and comfort of the attending fans, the venue flexibility and the environmental footprint. This has been applied to the home of the Sacramento Kings professional basketball team that opened for the 2017 NBA season and aims to be the world's most sustainable arena providing fans with the most comfortable and well connected environment. The novel 'fan oriented' design process will be discussed that utilized advanced simulation and building prototyping techniques.
4 Design and Assessment Procedures to Produce Well-Performing Buildings
Assessment procedures, schemes and initiatives will be discussed which result in buildings which perform well in practice, and perform as modelled. The concept of design, and modelling for performance is explored along with schemes and processes which do or do not include these features. The characteristics of schemes which have been effective in this way are identified along with a relevant technical aspect - modelling - and a procedural aspect - the nature of the performance prediction or guarantee. Examples of projects are used to illustrate features, and current developments described along with suggestions for further development.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 35
Energy Efficiency Assessment in Industrial Facilities: Case Studies and Lessons
Energy Efficient Industrial Buildings
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Zheng O`Neill, Ph.D., P.E., The University of Alabama
Technical Committee: 7.5 Smart Building Systems
The U.S. DOE sponsors 24 industrial assessment centers (IAC). These centers conduct energy audit for small and medium-sized manufacturers to identify site-specific opportunities to improve productivity, reduce waste and save energy through immediate changes in manufacturing processes and equipment and energy systems. This seminar covers an overview of IACs and a typical industrial energy efficiency assessment process. Results of data-mining the recommendations made in over 17,000 assessments will be presented. The basic elements of an industrial control system will be discussed with examples of energy efficiency projects. This seminar also covers a framework for achieving energy and material sustainability.
1 Identification and Trends of Most Frequent Savings Opportunities Found and Implemented in Energy Audits of Manufacturing Facilities
The Industrial Assessment Centers have existed for 42 years with an objective of teaching students how to assess energy in manufacturing facilities while providing in-field training by doing assessments. A database exists of the recommendations resulting from these assessments and their consequently implementation. This presentation gives an overview of the IACs and the results of data-mining the recommendations made in over 17,000 assessments. Results are presented for the fraction of total energy costs in gas and electricity use and demand; the most common recommendations grouped by industry NIACS classifications, the most common implemented recommendations; and typical payback periods.
2 Leveraging Control Systems for Energy Savings in Industrial Facilities
This presentation highlights the role of control systems in reducing energy use in industrial facilities. The basic elements of an industrial control system are discussed and examples of energy efficiency projects related to each element are given, accompanied by statistics drawn from reported implemented projects by industry. Some selected industrial case studies reaffirm the growing potential of control systems to improve product quality, while reducing energy usage and production costs.
3 A Guide to Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing
This seminar presents a framework for achieving energy and material sustainability. It describes a methodology to calculate the necessary rates of improvement to achieve net-zero carbon and net-zero waste manufacturing. The speaker describes methodologies to achieve energy and material sustainability based principles of energy and material efficiency applied across to energy systems and material flows. The presentation shows how the savings from energy and material efficiency can find the transition to and maintenance of sustainable manufacturing.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 36
Modeling and Control of the Personal Micro-Environment
Building Operation and Performance
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
H. Ezzat Khalifa, Ph.D., Syracuse University
Technical Committee: 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
Significant HVAC energy savings and improvement in IEQ can be achieved if the micro environment around the occupant is controlled rather than the whole room, zone or building. This is enabled by localized personal environmental control systems (PECS). To design and optimize such systems, a detailed understanding of the interactions between PECS and the occupant's micro environment is necessary. These interactions influence the comfort, IEQ and energy savings achievable by PECS. The seminar presents advances in the modeling and control of the personal micro-environment, and to illustrate how these can influence the design of PECS.
1 Personal Environment Conditioning with Minimum Exergy Loss
Owing to the development of radiant heating/cooling systems and personal ventilation, a new trend has arisen where heat is dissipated to several independent areas, providing custom heat loads; this allows the possibility of creating a zero heating/cooling load environment, i.e., it allows us to deal with the heat load from each heat source before the heat diffuses into the space. This solution enables us to utilize lower level heat sources such as chilled water at high temperatures and heat at a low temperature. It also ensures more uniform temperature distribution and a more comfortable Personal Microenvironment with improved energy efficiency.
2 Delivering Efficient Local Cooling/Heating Using a Micro Environmental Control System (µX)
Significant HVAC energy savings can be achieved by widening the thermostat setpoint range and providing local thermal management to restore occupant comfort. This is achieved through the use of an efficient 50-60 W personal environmental control system designed for the thermal management of the personal microenvironment. Specifically, we analyze the performance of a micro environmental control system that increases occupant’s sensible heat loss in a room maintained at 79F in the summer, and reduces occupant’s heat loss in a room maintained at 66F in the winter. CFD is employed to assess the system performance under different operating conditions.
3 Control of the Personal Micro-Environment
The characteristics of the personal micro-environment, consisting of the thermal plume, clothing, gap between skin and clothing, and respiration, will be defined. The importance of free convection around the body and its interaction with external flows, clothing and the resulting heat- and mass transfer for thermal comfort and inhaled air quality will be outlined. The benefit arising from measurement and control of the micro-environment, in terms of sensing body physiological signals, improving people’s thermal comfort and inhaled air quality, reduction of exposure to airborne infectious agents and energy saving will be demonstrated by several methods that are applicable in practice.
4 The Role of Thermal Plume in Person-to-Person Contaminant Cross-Transmission
In this seminar, the speaker gives a brief introduction of the human thermal plume dominated zone (HTPDZ) around the human body created by the human thermal plume. He then addresses the negative and positive role of the HTPDZ on the contaminant cross transmission between person to person. He will also use examples to explain how the HTPDZ affects the contaminant cross transmission under different conditions, contaminant cross transmission in vertical unidirectional ventilated protective isolation environment and aircraft cabin environment.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 37
HVAC Maintenance: Using Field Test Data to Benchmark and Improve System Performance
Building Operation and Performance
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Robyn Ellis, City of Hamilton - Public Works
Technical Committee: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management
The typical HVAC system operates 40% below specified capacity and efficiency once it is installed in a building. During routine maintenance visits, changes in the performance of an HVAC system can be diagnosed in less than seven minutes by recording and comparing seven simple airside field measurements. This test method compares benchmarked data to pinpoint the causes of deterioration in system airflow, economizer performance and duct system functionality and enables detection and surgical correction of the uncovered and often invisible system defects.
1 Performance Perspective
Falke – Performance Approach
While most maintenance agreements include a checklist that insinuates acceptable performance, little evidence is provided that verifies how well the installed system is functioning. Emerging technology offers a scoring method that includes key performance indicators that can be field measured during each maintenance visit. Any change in this data can pinpoint changes in the performance of the system and allow for immediate surgical repairs to the system
2 Utilities Perspective
Maintenance programs with no requirement to collect measured performance data run great risk to customer satisfaction and achieving utility savings goals. It has become clear that even the most well maintained systems are often not efficient at all. This is due to past maintenance programs only focusing on the equipment on the roof versus the system as a whole. Adding technologies to maintenance programs has proven to produce fewer saving than anticipated because existing undetected system degradation prohibited the technology to function as designed, reducing savings throughout the life of the system.
3 Engineering Perspective
By documenting several key metrics at the time of commissioning or retro-commissioning, the performance of a system can be benchmarked. The benchmarks can then be used for a variety of purposes including comparison to manufacturer data, tracking performance degradation over time, and diagnostics. Creating and affixing a label to the equipment with commissioning data and space for ongoing data recording provides a record that is accessible to any personnel who may service the unit. Details of the metrics and proposed commissioning label are provided.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 38
The Impact of Uncertainty and Validation Quality on CFD Results
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Reza Ghias, Ph.D., Southland Industries
Technical Committee: 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
CFD is a powerful and efficient tool that provides scientific analysis and images to enhance the design. It is a practical and cost effective method to investigate different design alternatives especially in large industrial and commercial buildings. However, the CFD results should meet some level of accuracy to be used in design process. Some factors like the type of the CFD model, boundary condition set up, mesh dependency, and convergence criteria affect the uncertainty and accuracy. The speakers go through several different industrial applications to show the work flow and importance of uncertainty and validation quality in HVAC industry.
1 Uncertainty Qualification and Validation of a CFD Simulation of Surface Condensation
Computational modeling in ASHRAE applications requires a level of confidence in the results. This presentation looks at a Verification and Validation of a surface condensation CFD model. The V&V was comprised of a comprehensive procedure for minimizing errors and comparing simulations to a benchmark experiment. The analysis is an assessment of the numerical uncertainty derived from a grid convergence study, an input analysis, a report of experimental uncertainty, and source of unqualified modeling. The total validation uncertainty is calculated for three measured parameters. Simulation results were found to match experimental data within the uncertainty of the validation.
2 CFD Modeling Accuracy: Comparative Study of Airflow Around a Thermal Manikin
The difficulty and cost associated with detailed measurements of various parameters at a variety of points in a room make CFD a good alternative if CFD results can be believed. This series of simulations modeled a simple case of a thermal manikin in a room with mixing ventilation. The results of these simulations were then compared to existing experiments. Simulations were conducted using different CFD programs, grids, turbulence models, manikin models, and by different users. The study provides insights on what is the current CFD modeling accuracy that one can achieve, believe, and will need for practice.
3 Impact of Grid on CFD Prediction for Industry Applications
The CFD is an effective method for investigating air distribution and thermal conditions in large industrial buildings. CFD computing cost is a major concern for industrial simulation, in which CFD grid number plays a dominant role. The mesh type and size are critical on determining the cost of computation and the accuracy of the numerical results. The study uses several different industrial applications to analyze the influence of grid on CFD prediction. The research provides some guidelines on how to control the grid quality to obtain a reasonable accuracy while shorten the computing time for industrial applications
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Publishing and Education Council
Florentine II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(35/30) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Scholarship Trustees
Consul BR (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/3) Screen/Electric
8:15 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Members Council
Milano III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(32/40) Electric
9:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Indoor Air Quality PD
Forum 2 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0) Screen/Electric
9:00 AM-10:30 AM
Standing Committees
Technology Council Special Projects
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/5) Screen/Electric
9:00 AM-11:00 AM
Standing Committees
Life Member Executive Board Meeting
Siena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0)
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 39
Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants and Their Applications: Part 1
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
J. Steven Brown, Ph.D., P.E., The Catholic University of America
Sponsor: Journal Policy Committee with Co-sponsors TC 1.3, TC 3.1, and TC 8.4
The seminar addresses low-GWP alternative refrigerants and their applications. As regulations and legislation become increasingly more widespread and restrictive, the HVAC&R industry will need to identify viable alternatives for existing refrigerant solutions. This environmentally-driven change is different than past ones since additional constraints are being placed on refrigerants in essence reducing the number of viable single-component solutions. The seminar highlights five papers appearing in ASHRAE’s Science and Technology for the Built Environment November 2016 edition (one dedicated specifically to low-GWP refrigerants.) The presentations focus on low-GWP halocarbon refrigerants containing unsaturated carbon bonds during boiling heat transfer and in system applications.
1 Oil Retention of Lower GWP Refrigerants and Lubricant Mixtures and Its Effect on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Microchannel Type Air Conditioning Evaporators
This talk focuses on the lubricant retention characteristics of lower global warming potential (LGWP) refrigerants R32, R1234yf, and R454B. The speaker highlights similarities and differences of the oil retention characteristics between refrigerant R410A and the LGWP refrigerants in two types of microchannel evaporators used in air conditioning systems for residential applications. The oil in circulation with the refrigerants penalized the evaporators’ heat transfer capacity and increased the refrigerant-side pressure drop. For the LGWP refrigerants, the penalization of the heat transfer capacity was lesser than that observed for the refrigerant R410A at similar operating conditions.
2 Miscibility of POE and PVE Oils with Low-GWP Refrigerant R-1234ze(E)
The miscibility of POE68 and PVE68 oils with R-1234ze(E) has been investigated for the temperature and oil mass fraction ranging of –35~80 °C and 0~70 wt%, respectively. Mixture saturation vapor pressures are also measured and are shown to decrease with increase in mass fraction of the oil. The miscibility-test results indicate that the POE68 and PVE68 oils are completely miscible at mass fractions of the oil below 20% and 10%, respectively, for the entire temperature. Refrigerant-oil phase separations are observed for certain mass fraction of the oil and temperature ranges, indicating that the refrigerant-oils are not miscible.
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 40
Addressing Information Incompatibilities in Building Performance Monitoring
Building Operation and Performance
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Michael Bobker, CUNY Institute for Urban Systems
Technical Committee: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management
CoSponsor: 1.5 Computer Applications
This session examines challenges in coordinating data extracted from building automation systems with predictions from building energy models. With BEM increasingly informing design decisions, comparison to post-construction performance at the system level becomes key to troubleshooting and tuning. Discrepancies often first noted in whole-building energy use must be traced back to system level sources. Such comparison between BAS and BEM data is hindered by inconsistencies in data organization, naming, grouping and parameters. This issue is examined as a use-case for ASHRAE Guideline 20-2010, Documenting HVAC&R Work Processes and Data Exchange Requirements.
1 Real-Time Energy Simulation for Whole Building Performance Monitoring
A model-based real-time whole building energy monitoring and diagnostics is presented. The proposed system continuously acquires performance measurements of HVAC, lighting and plug load usage from the Building Energy Management System (BEMS) and compares these measurements in real-time to a calibrated reference EnergyPlus model. The structure of categories for extracted data and model outputs is described, along with discussion of adjustments necessary to EnergyPlus reporting and set up of BEMS trending. A proof of concept demonstration is presented.
2 BEM-BAS Data Exchange
Model-based performance monitoring requires comparison of data generated from two distinct kinds of system, the Building Energy Model (BEM) and the Building Automation System (BAS). The HVAC design process at present places no requirement for interoperability between them. In the performance monitoring use-case, they will no longer be stand-alone elements. ASHRAE Guideline 20-2010 Documenting HVAC&R Work Processes for Data Exchange Requirements provides a use-case approach to information issues. The Guideline 20 process is applied to BEM-BAS data comparisons to better understand where incompatibilities lie. Examples are developed such as equipment naming, operating profiles, energy and physical parameters.
3 BIM-Based Energy Model Calibration for Evaluating Building Retrofit Opportunities
Recent progress in BIM to BEM for energy analysis has proven to be effective for early design analysis and parametric evaluations of design options. Several cloud-based simulation strategies have been developed for auto-tuning and model calibration using utility billing data. This presentation summarizes an approach integrating BIM to BIM and cloud-based parametric simulations for developing calibrated energy models from BIM using site specific weather data. It is possible to use the calibrated model in conjunction with parametric design analysis for evaluating retrofit opportunities. Examples are presented to dynamically evaluate retrofit options without performing additional simulations.
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 41
Saving Water (and Energy) with Solid Geothermal Design and Operation
Water-Energy Nexus
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Cary Smith, Sound Geothermal Corp.
Technical Committee: 6.8 Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications
Geothermal heat pump systems have long been known as a leading system choice for energy performance. But in many regions of the world, geothermal is also the best choice for saving water, as it avoids significant operation and water usage from cooling towers used in those regions. Hybrid systems are also sometimes operated with both geothermal loops and cooling towers; these can be operated optimally to save both energy and water.
1 The Energy-Water Highway: Getting the Least Use from Evaporative Devices
Cooling towers used by water source systems can consume up to 50% of a site’s potable water. Owners and design-professionals must cut down on CTs that reject waste heat for space cooling by the power of evaporation. Towers consume water, chemicals, and lots of electricity; producing wastewater unqualified to pass through treatment plants. Can anything take their place? YES! Distributed GSHP systems provide thermal leverage on reduced power demand; reducing cooling tower water wastage by 50% - 70% and electric consumption by 60%. Explore how a GX-based Distributed Energy System enables solutions to Energy/Water Nexus challenges.
2 Water Wizards and Water Wasters: Geothermal Exchange Replaces Cooling Towers
This presentation focuses on a geothermal sourced chiller plant in Florida, and a distributed geothermal heat pump installation near Los Angeles, both in operation for several years, originally slated for cooling towers. Attendees will see in both cases the methodology and rationale by which architects, engineers and owners worked together to choose to eliminate their cooling towers, and reaping remarkable water savings along with energy savings and an array of other tangent benefits.
3 Managing Water in Las Vegas: Keeping the Cats Clean and Cool
With the ever changing climate we are experiencing in the world, Cashman Equipment is doing their part to conserve water and energy by using a Geo-Thermal system to cool their corporate facilities. They are using 30% less water than conventional systems utilizing two (2) 250 ton cooling towers as a supplemental cooling to the loop used by the heat pumps. The original calculations showed an approximate savings of $46,000.00 over the conventional DX cooling. Yes, as hot as Las Vegas is, we are running efficiently with massive well field below the desert heat.
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 42
Power and Cooling Considerations for Back of Rack Ecosystems within the Data Center
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Nick Gangemi, Northern Air Systems
Technical Committee: 9.9 Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
IT equipment power and cooling trends continue to push the limits in the industry, primarily due to packaging density, high performance computing, and mass scale out deployment. The challenges associated with supporting these increasing trends is further exacerbated with the additional pain points of deploying the associated ‘Back of Rack Ecosystems”, i.e. power and networking solutions. This seminar presents the existing challenges in deploying rack level infrastructure solutions, and the associated best practices and considerations that must be implemented.
1 Rack Level Power Solutions and Its Associated Challenges and Deployment Best Practices
In 2016, ASHRAE published a whitepaper entitled ‘Data Center Power Equipment Thermal Guidelines and Best Practices’. This whitepaper paper discusses how changes to the data center thermal environment affects power distribution equipment. This session will not only highlight key takeaways from this paper, but extend the discussion to current examples and their associated challenges.
2 Top of Rack Networking Solutions and Its Associated Challenges and Deployment Best Practices
In 2016, ASHRAE Released a brand new Datacom book, entitled ‘IT Equipment Design Impact on Data Center Solutions’. While this book highlights different IT solutions and its supporting networking infrastructure, it does not highlight the prevalence of non-optimal networking solutions and the resulting implications to the data center as a whole. This session not only highlights existing and emerging technologies and their associated best practice considerations, but also focuses on real world solutions and the resulting implications to capacity planning and industry efficiency objectives.
3 IT Equipment Exhaust-Side Deployment Challenges and Considerations
As the electronics industry continues to push the compute performance objectives of Information Technology Equipment by deploying new technologies, there exists the need to match these objectives with power and cooling best practices. This session discusses several new technologies, including non-volatile memory, active optical connectors and graphical processing units and the challenges of deploying these new technologies within server solutions. The session also highlights how these new technologies are approaching the limits of existing rack and room level cooling solutions
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 43
Urban-Scale Energy Modeling, Part 3
Building Operation and Performance
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Joshua New, Ph.D., ONRL
Technical Committee: 1.5 Computer Applications
Sponsor: TC4.7 - Energy Calculations
Development of urban-scale building energy models is becoming of increased interest for many applications including city-wide energy supply/demand strategies, urban development planning, electrical grid stability, and urban resilience. This seminar has assembled several researchers with capabilities in the field of urban-scale energy models to discuss an overview of the field as well as the data, algorithms, workflow and practical challenges addressed in their applications involving creation of useful models of individual buildings at the scale of a city, urban or metropolitan area.
1 A Data and Computing Platform for City and District Scale Building Energy Efficiency
Buildings in cities consume 30 to 70% of cities’ total primary energy. Planning and evaluating retrofit strategies for buildings requires a deep understanding of the physical characteristics, operating patterns, and energy use of the building stock. This talk introduces a web-based data and computing platform, City Building Energy Saver (CityBES), which focuses on energy modeling and analysis of a city’s building stock to support district or city-scale efficiency programs. CityBES uses an international open data standard, CityGML, to represent and exchange 3D city models. CityBES targets urban planners, city energy managers, building owners, utilities, energy consultants and researchers.
2 Urban Energy
Urban planners use simulation analysis for making long term infrastructure investment and policy decisions based on things like population, income, real estate values, accessibility, and protection of open space and the environment. However, building energy use is rarely part of that planning process. This talk describes demographics, economic process, land use regulation, real estate markets and transportation systems for building energy model tools to assess impact of policy on future building energy use and carbon footprints can be easily determined along with the effects of building energy use on the value of real estate, population, and business economics.
3 District and City Scale Modeling Using Openstudio
The OpenStudio Platform provides tools for quickly and easily creating building energy models from minimal user input. URBANopt is an open source graphical user interface for examining various scenarios for low-energy districts. URBANopt utilizes OpenStudio Measures to easily simulate high performance building design alternatives as well as shared district energy systems. DECAF is an open source tool for simulating and targeting retrofits of existing buildings across entire cities or regions. DECAF leverages many of the same OpenStudio Measures as URBANopt and can simulate individual buildings or develop statistical meta-models that can be used for high level screening.
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 44
Toward a 21st Century Standard for Natural Ventilation: Review of Existing and Presentation of New Research
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Jordan Clark, Ph.D., CPP Wind Engineering and Air Quality Consultants
Technical Committee: 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Sponsor: SSPC 62.1
Natural ventilation offers the promise of more energy efficient, healthier, and more productive commercial buildings. However, most designers and code compliance officials are in agreement that the current prescriptions for natural ventilation contained in ASHRAE Standard 62.1 are inadequate. This session presents some of the work being done by the members of the Natural Ventilation Working Group under SSPC 62.1 in order to open up discussion on potential standard changes to the greater ASHRAE community and present original research done by the group's members.
1 What Climatic Conditions and Building Parameters Identify a Commercial Building as a Good Candidate for Natural Ventilation?
One barrier to adoption of natural ventilation is the knowledge that application in inappropriate climates or during inappropriate hours could lead to conditions in buildings which may affect both comfort and IAQ. As such, designers must diligently determine whether a climate is appropriate for natural ventilation. A series of tests on the typical meteorological year weather data can be used for this purpose. For many US climates, even mild climates, under normal design conditions, natural ventilation alone may not assure occupant satisfaction. In most cases, spaces may be advised to use mixed-mode ventilation systems, which combine natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation.
2 Review of Indoor Air Quality Considerations for Naturally Ventilated Commercial Buildings
Natural ventilation can provide fresh air for a building and is one strategy for reducing building energy demand while maintaining or improving indoor air quality. However, there exists uncertainties regarding implications of naturally ventilated commercial buildings with respect to indoor air quality. This presentation summarizes a review of the state of building codes and standards, case studies, and research literature regarding the application of natural ventilation to commercial buildings with specific attention to IAQ objectives, including: i) air pollutants of concern, ii) modeling approaches, iii) prescriptive approaches, and iv) new directions for improving IAQ in naturally ventilated buildings
3 Using Facade Pressures to Predict Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation Rates
Two often overlooked but crucial parts of the design process for buildings wanting to take advantage of wind-driven natural ventilation are 1) obtaining accurate facade pressures, and 2) using them in such a way as to accurately predict the amount of air which will enter a space. Through a review of extant sources and presentation of new research, this presentation looks at the various methods for obtaining and using facade pressures and discusses strengths and weaknesses of each.
4 Natural Ventilation Design Incorporating Moisture and Air Velocity Control
Natural ventilation in buildings has been around for many years, Robert Boyle provided a description on how to design such a system in the 1800’s. Today's current trend of incorporating natural ventilation or a natural ventilation scheme into building design has led to a quest for a more detailed analysis of space conditions. This presentation presents some modern day applications of natural ventilation which also include space moisture conditions and analysis of air movement within a space.
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 45
Using the IAQ Procedure from ASHRAE Standard 62.1 as an Alternate Compliance Path on LEED Projects: Reports from the Field
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Christopher O. Muller, Purafil, Inc.
Technical Committee: 2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Sponsor: SSPC 62.1
CoSponsor: TRG4 Indoor Air Quality Procedure Development
For many years those seeking LEED certification were required to use the Ventilation Rate Procedure from ASHRAE Standard 62.1 to determine the minimum outdoor air intake flow for mechanical ventilation systems. The IAQ Procedure (IAQP) could not be used even when it could be demonstrated that IAQ would be improved along with reductions in HVAC capital costs and ongoing energy costs. This has changed due to the development of an alternate compliance path for LEED certification that allows the use of the IAQP under a pilot credit. Case studies demonstrating successful application of this pilot credit are presented.
1 A Case Study in a High-Performance Office Building By Applying and Comparing LEED IAQ Procedure Pilot Credit to the Conventional Ventilation Procedure
This presentation compares the effect of two pollutant control strategies on both exposures to contaminants of concern (COCs) and energy use in a high-performance multinational technology company. The first control strategy was the conventional ventilation strategy following the ventilation rate procedure of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013. The second strategy consisted of applying the LEED Pilot Alternative Compliance Path 68: Indoor Air Quality Procedure while using air cleaning along with reduced ventilation. This presentation provides results from field measurements of energy and IAQ and documentation of meeting LEED IAQP objective and subjective requirements.
2 Successful Application of the LEED IAQ Procedure Pilot Credit in a Retail Chain Store
The USGBC LEED process is intended to transform the way our buildings are designed, constructed and operated. Recognizing the limitation of ASHRAE 62.1 VRP prescriptive requirements, USGBC developed an alternate compliance path that allows a robust design and verification process to balance good IAQ with optimization of HVAC system for energy conservation and reduced negative impact of energy production on the environment. This presentation describes implementation of the LEED ventilation process through air quality measurement and verification including occupant surveys. The presentation describes energy and HVAC system economic savings from optimization of ventilation rate versus prescriptive approach.
3 Prestigious College-Preparatory School Achieves Sustainability Goals and LEED Certification Using the IAQ Procedure from Standard 62.1
The largest independent co-educational college-preparatory day school in the United States is located in the Atlanta (GA) metropolitan area. Several buildings use geothermal wells for heating and cooling, however, the existing well field did not have sufficient capacity for the new humanities building and the cost of new wells was prohibitive. Consequently, the design team opted to use LEED Pilot Credit 68: Indoor Air Quality Procedure to reduce the overall load on the well field, provide for capital cost savings, and ongoing energy savings. This presentation describes how the IAQ Procedure was successfully applied towards achieving LEED Gold certification.
9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 46
What Do We Know About Energy Use in Agriculture Facilities
Energy Efficient Industrial Buildings
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Carol A. Donovan, Alares LLC
Technical Committee: 2.2 Plant and Animal Environment
This session highlights the energy use data available and describe what assumptions are used in interpreting the available information. It provides a perspective on the portion of agricultural energy used for the operation of agricultural facilities and particularly what mechanized systems in these facilities are major energy users. The session also demonstrates what information is still needed to effectively evaluate energy use in facilities with building envelopes.
1 What Do We Know about Energy Use in Agricultural Buildings
Energy use in agricultural facilities is only one sector of the total energy used in the agriculture industry. The challenge is to correctly determine energy consumption for these facilities. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides many reports of energy used in agriculture, however reporting is always provided in monetary values. Using these values, actual energy use can be approximated for different sectors of agriculture and different energy sources. Overall, fertilizer production and diesel fuel are the dominant energy inputs on farms. Electricity use is a major player as well, and the predominant energy form used in agricultural facilities.
2 Energy Use in Livestock Production Facility Systems
The predominant energy forms used in livestock facility systems include electricity and liquid propane (LP gas). Using the approximated energy use from USDA data and other sources, electricity and LP gas use will be partitioned into different use categories for swine, dairy and poultry facility systems. LP gas typically is used for space heating and water heating. Electricity is typically used for ventilation, air circulation, lighting, equipment motors and on-farm refrigeration. With an understanding of the partitioned energy use within a given livestock sector, the implementation of energy efficiency practices and standards can be evaluated.
3 Energy Use in Indoor Plant Production Facilities
Energy used for growing plants indoors ranges from very small to very large, facility type, and crop. Indoor crop production is inherently more energy use intensive than outdoor cultivation due to the use of systems to control the growing environment. Systems used in vertical farms, plant factories, and cannabis facilities are much more energy intensive, requiring supplemental lighting for 12 or more hours, large air conditioning units to remove both sensible and latent heat, and large fans to achieve high air exchange rates. Understanding energy use in indoor plant production will allow the identification and implementation of energy efficiency measures.
10:30 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Technology Council: Document Review Subcommittee
Florentine I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/10) Screen/Electric
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 48
Did It Really Work?: Theory vs. Practice in Residential HVAC
Building Operation and Performance
N235/237 (LVCC North Building)
Chair:
R. Christopher Mathis, Mathis Consulting Company
Sponsor: Residential Building Committee
The late, great Yogi Berra once said: "In theory, there's no difference between theory and practice. But in practice... there is." The speakers at this seminar agree with Yogi. Using measured data from both dry and humid climates, they show how actual energy and thermal comfort in real-world houses differs from expectations. But beyond the problems, the speakers also show data from specific designs and installation practices that have helped contractors meet and exceed customer expectations with simple, low-cost, reliable equipment instead of whiz-bang, expensive stuff that too often fails to deliver comfort and low energy performance.
1 How Dry I’m Not: Measured Humidity Loads vs. Measured Dehumidification By Heat Pumps in Occupied Houses
High humidity can be a problem. It’s uncomfortable and it’s a mold risk factor. ASHRAE and ACCA load calculation procedures provide equations to estimate dehumidification loads in residential buildings. But sometimes, it’s instructive to measure the loads in real, occupied houses, rather than just estimating them. The same goes for dehumidification performance of AC units. Measurements from occupied houses and apartments in Europe and the US suggest that both ASHRAE and ACCA load calculations greatly underestimate actual residential dehumidification loads.
2 What Works and What Does Not: Measured Residential HVAC Performance and Comfort in Dry Climates
Performance contractors sometimes say: "In God we trust... all others bring data". Shasta, California has a climate with sensible cooling and heating degree-days similar to those of Chicago. But in our dry climate, we can heat a three-bedroom, 2,400 ft2 house with less heat than a hair dryer, and cool it using one (1) ton per 1,200 ft sq. The data shows comfortable temperatures by using low-cost, constant-volume, low-SEER cooling equipment. The secret is relevant in-process installation measurements, combined with the unusual practice of actually following design guidelines known for decades to be best practices.
11:00 AM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards PPIS
Calabria (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(6/10) Screen/Electric
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Conference Paper Session 16
Building Operation and Performance with Sustainability in Mind
Building Operation and Performance
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Wade Conlan, P.E., exp US Services Inc
Much research has been done to investigate the overall performance of buildings that were designed for sustainability. This session covers the expectations of design versus the reality of their implementation as well as research on the effectiveness of sensors and building envelopes. One presentation also covers the relationship between renewable resources and the utility grid. A varied array of sustainable building design issues will be covered.
1 The Social Dynamics of a Project (LV-17-C061)
The purpose of this article is to first define traditional social relations of a facility project, from design to demo, and to then reflect how those existing affairs have been affected by this new member to the built association. By focusing on the human relationship to the built environment, the author hopes to promote better project communications; once again from design to demo, among all stake-holders. In order to truly support Green Agendas, as an industry we need to promote and support the relationship between engineering system parameters and those who are ultimately challenged with maintaining those parameters.
2 A Comparison of Stochastic and Deterministic Optimization Algorithms on the Virtual In-Situ Sensor Calibration in Building Systems (LV-17-C062)
A virtual in-situ sensor calibration method has been recently studied in order to solve the practical problems of sensor calibration in building energy systems: (1) time and monetary cost; (2) disruption to a normal operation; (3) difficulty in accessing various embedded sensors in equipment; and (4) large quantity of sensors. The proposed in-situ calibration method is able to approximate the measure and establish benchmark values for a calibration statistically or by using system models, without removing the working sensor or adding reference sensors as in a conventional calibration.
3 Risk of Condensation Analysis of Common Concrete Balcony Configurations (LV-17-C063)
Condensation control of thermal bridges has always been a major concern of designers. In building envelope details, highly heat conductive materials and poor thermal insulations create thermal bridging. Condensation occurs when indoor air hits the cold surface of thermal bridging area which is below dewpoint temperature. Condensation could lead to surface staining, mold growth and deterioration of sensitive materials. The goal of this paper is to develop a catalogue and guidelines that allow designers to verify the condensation resistance of selected balconies in different climate zones, and meet ASHRAE and LEED standards and local codes.
4 Duck – The Volcano is Coming! (LV-17-C064)
A paradigm shift is coming in how buildings interact with the utility grid. Dramatic drops in the price of PV panels has spurred the rise of the “prosumer” (Producer and Consumer): buildings that necessitate a two-way grid interaction. This, plus a renewed focus on energy efficiency, is driving the mainstream adoption of Net Zero Energy (NZE) buildings – a good thing, certainly. However, some important details remain unresolved. As more of these buildings of the future come online it is increasingly critical to make sure that the buildings are good grid citizens and are solving more problems than they create.
5 Infrared Thermography For Building Envelope Analysis (LV-17-C065)
Infrared thermography is a nondestructive technology that can help identify building envelope issues such as wet areas and lack of or inadequate insulation in building envelopes invisible to the human eye. When conducted at the right time of night infrared (IR) inspections can determine which materials are wet or in contact with wet materials and which are dry. This is possible because water has a high specific heat, which means that it stores heat well and cools down more slowly than common roofing materials.
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 52
College of Fellows Debate: Codes and Standards Help. Alternatively, Do They Inhibit Excellence?
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Larry Spielvogel, P.E., Consulting Engineer
Sponsor: College of Fellows
CoSponsor: 1.7 Business, Management & General Legal Education
A great amount of time and effort is put into the writing of standards. Rigorous procedures ensure the correctness and consensus of those standards. There are tensions among customers, clients, government, researchers, politicians, designers, manufacturers, researchers, installers, commissioning agents, financial controllers and litigators. Low energy, reliability, sustainability, and familiarity are set against costs of manufacture, construction, operation, and general productivity. Does a slavish following of standards prevent or inhibit innovation. Does lazy design result?
1 Team A Speaker 1
One of six speakers in two teams of three presents either for or against.
2 Team A Speaker 2
One of six speakers in two teams of three presents either for or against.
3 Team A Speaker 3
4 Team B Speaker 1
One of six speakers in two teams of three presents either for or against.
5 Team B Speaker 2
One of six speakers in two teams of three presents either for or against.
6 Team B Speaker 3
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 53
Commissioning a Central Chilled Water Plant
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Thomas E. Cappellin, P.E., Cappellin Consulting Services
Technical Committee: 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
CoSponsor: 7.9 Building Commissioning
Preparing equipment and assemblies for final check-out verification, start-up procedure and proper operation requires a coordinated activity of testing, adjusting, measurement and documentation that will ensure a successful result. This session describes how the commissioning process would be applied to achieve a successful chilled water plant operation needed to comply with the owner's project requirement and the design documents.
1 Commissioning Chilled Water and Condenser Water Pumps
The commissioning process for a central chiller plant includes full analysis of the plant's chilled water and condenser water pumps. This includes a verification of pump capacities and proper installation, plus confirming they are started, tested, and balanced for design operating condition. This presentation includes the steps needed to ensure the pumps are fully commissioned to meet the Owner's Project Requirements and perform as designed.
2 Commissioning a Cooling Tower
The commissioning process for a central chiller plant includes full analysis of the plant's condensing water cooling tower. This includes a verification of unit capacity and proper installation, plus confirming it is started, tested, and balanced for design operating condition. This presentation includes the steps needed to ensure the cooling tower is fully commissioned to meet the Owner's Project Requirements and perform as designed.
3 Commissioning a Water-Cooled Chiller
The commissioning process for a central chiller plant includes full analysis of the plant's fluid chilling unit. This includes a verification of unit capacity and proper installation, plus confirming it is started, tested, and balanced for design operating condition. This presentation includes the steps needed to ensure the fluid chiller is fully commissioned to meet the Owner's Project Requirements and perform as designed.
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 54
Cutting-Edge Japanese Technologies SHASE Annual Award for HVAC System and Equipment in 2016
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Shinsuke Kato, Dr.Ing., University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science
This session introduces three different types of buildings. One is a suburb-type Zero-Energy office building, which introduces PV, biomass generation, lithium batteries, a wood-pellet boiler etc. Another is a medium-sized office building, housing an efficient data center and an experimental R&D facility, where cost-effective ITC technology applications are effectively designed and installed. The third is a dormitory for an oil and petroleum company. A gas-fired cogeneration system is also installed to power an electricity, hot water supply, road heating and bath room dryer system. This equipment is well designed around the BCP (business continuity planning) concept.
1 Symbiosis with Nature and the Achievement of Japan's First ZEB
This Project is a wooden office building in the forest at the foot of Yatsugatake. The client spent over a decade selecting this suitable site to ensure symbiosis with nature. An “energy-saving system” using passive methods (natural ventilation, direct solar gain, natural lighting), an “energy-making system” comprising a heat and power generator using renewable energy (solar power, wooden biomass resources) and a micro-grid system with a lithium-ion rechargeable battery are adopted to achieve ZEB. This building has been properly operated by environmentally conscious staff and has achieved a year-round PEB (Positive Energy Building).
2 Implementation of Environment-Friendly Office Building with High-Efficiency Data Center
This office building is the latest energy-saving building in Tokyo. By relocating ICT equipment outside the office to the data center in the building and replacing all desktop PCs with a thin client terminal, we have reduced the outlet and cooling loads in the office. Moreover, we control levels of air-conditioning and lighting using positional information of workers, which is determined in real time by smart phones and beacons. Using these technologies, we have reduced energy consumption per floor area by 60% compared to average office buildings in Japan.
3 Corresponding to BCP and Environment Consideration Method for Company’s Dormitory
This presentation describes a system design against earthquakes and tsunamis using a corresponding Business Continuation Plan (BCP) and a community-open-design in a company dormitory in northern Japan. For BCP, a Cogeneration System was installed in this dormitory to save energy, alongside various creative solutions to use CGS exhaust heat as effectively as possible in daily operation. Operational performance has also been improved with a remote monitoring system.
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 55
Urban-Scale Energy Modeling, Part 4
Building Operation and Performance
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Joshua New, Ph.D., ONRL
Technical Committee: 1.5 Computer Applications
Sponsor: TC4.7 - Energy Calculations
Development of urban-scale building energy models is becoming of increased interest for many applications including city-wide energy supply/demand strategies, urban development planning, electrical grid stability and urban resilience. This seminar has assembled several researchers with capabilities in the field of urban-scale energy models to discuss an overview of the field as well as the data, algorithms, workflow and practical challenges addressed in their applications involving creation of useful models of individual buildings at the scale of a city, urban or metropolitan area.
1 Urban Microclimate for Building Energy Models
In anticipation of both climate change and global urbanization, we conduct research of microclimate impacts on energy systems. Researchers analyze and quantify the relationships among modeled and measured climatic conditions, urban morphology, land cover and energy use; and use these relationships to inform energy-efficient urban development and planning. Researchers apply i) neighborhood resolution modeling and simulation of urban micrometeorological processes; ii) projections informed by microclimate for future energy use under different urbanization and climate change scenarios; to produce iii) analysis and visualization tools to help planners optimally use these projections to identify best strategies for energy-efficient urban morphological development.
2 Urban-Scale Building Energy Modeling: Why Working at Scale Matters
Geographic Information Science (GIS)-based modeling has provided the opportunity to incorporate large data sets into mapping platforms with analytical capabilities. CityGML provides a widely accepted platform for integrating tools and data sets through a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Examples are discussed for geographically specified utility networks (local distribution); aggregate impacts of technologies by building type; interactive effects between clustered sets of buildings, streetscapes, meteorological boundary conditions and microclimates; dynamic load sharing in community-level energy systems (eg – district heating and/or cogeneration) and electrical provisioning for low-carbon targets. Visualizations make analytical outcomes readily accessible to public stakeholders and policy decision-makers.
3 Application of Building Energy Modeling for Utility Analytics
While building energy modeling (BEM) is most widely used for building design, there are several other important applications of BEM. These include building energy code development, energy efficiency policy development, utility integrated resource planning and demand side management modeling, design, and implementation support. This seminar presents case studies of application of BEM, specifically Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM), for utility analytics.
4 Virtual UBEM: Visualizing, Analyzing and Reporting
With the advent of easily created urban scale reality models, creating Urban Building Energy Models (UBEM) has never been easier. This presentation demonstrates how an UBEM can be used to visualize and report on building energy consumption at urban scale. By combining building energy benchmark data with an urban scale reality mesh, users can quickly classify, visualize and report urban building energy consumption. This virtual navigation of the City of Philadelphia demonstrates how UBEM can be used to measure, analyze and report readily available benchmark data.
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 56
Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants and Their Applications, Part 2
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
J. Steven Brown, Ph.D., P.E., The Catholic University of America
Technical Committee: 1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics
Sponsor: Journal Policy Committee with Co-sponsors TC 1.3, TC 3.1, and TC 8.4
The seminar addresses low-GWP alternative refrigerants and their applications. As regulations and legislation become increasingly more widespread and restrictive, the HVAC&R industry will need to identify viable alternatives for existing refrigerant solutions. This environmentally-driven change is different than past ones since additional constraints are being placed on refrigerants in essence reducing the number of viable single-component solutions. The seminar highlights five papers appearing in ASHRAE’s Science and Technology for the Built Environment November 2016 edition (one dedicated specifically to low-GWP refrigerants.) The presentations focus on low-GWP halocarbon refrigerants containing unsaturated carbon bonds during boiling heat transfer and in system applications.
1 Insights into the Next Generation HVAC&R Refrigerant Future
Because of the relatively high GWPs of HFCs, policy and regulatory actions to reduce, restrict, and eliminate their use are increasing in number. These regulatory actions are leading to the development of unsaturated chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons with lower GWPs. Tradeoffs between GWP, flammability, and specific capacity will need to be made possibly resulting in the need for changes to equipment designs. Some lower GWP refrigerants are already being introduced in many market segments. This presentation provides an overview of these refrigerants and presents the state of understanding and development of these alternatives by their environmental, safety, and design tradeoffs.
2 Model Validations for Low-GWP Refrigerants in Mini-Split Air-Conditioning Units
To identify low GWP refrigerants to replace R-22 and R-410A, extensive experimental evaluations were conducted for multiple candidates at standard test conditions and at high-ambient conditions. R-22 was compared to R-290, DR-3, ARM-20B, N-20B and R-444B in a mini-split air conditioning unit originally designed for R-22; R-410A was compared to R-32, DR-55, ARM-71A, and R-447A in a mini-split unit designed for R-410A. In addition, the experimental data was used to calibrate a physics-based equipment model, i.e. ORNL Heat Pump Design Model (HPDM).
3 Experimental Evaluation and Field Trial of Low GWP R404A Replacements for Commercial Refrigeration
Presented are two R404A replacements: R448A (non-flammable; GWP = 1273) and R455A (mildly flammable; GWP = 146). A commercially available R404A self-contained freezer showed that the compressor run-times of R448A and R455A are similar to R404A due to similar capacity. The 24 hour energy consumption is 9% lower for R448A and 6% lower for R455A compared to R404A. Results for R448A in a commercially available walk-in freezer/cooler matched the capacity of R404A with 4% to 8% higher efficiency. Finally, results of an actual supermarket refrigeration system conversion from R404A to R448A showed energy savings from about 9% to 20%.
4 Horizontal Convective Boiling of R448A, R449A and R452B within a Micro-Fin Tube
This paper presents local convective boiling measurements in a micro-fin tube for R448A, R449A, and R452B . An existing correlation was modified to predict multi-component mixtures, which predicted 98 % of the measurements to within ± 20 %. The results showed that refrigerant R452B exhibited the highest heat transfer among the three. For an example case, the heat transfer coefficients for R448A and R449A were roughly between 26% and 48% less than that of R404A; whereas, the R452B heat transfer coefficient was approximately 13% larger than that of R404A.
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 57
Occupant Behavior Driven Building Operation and Maintenance
Building Operation and Performance
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Bing Dong, University of Texas at San Antonio
Technical Committee: MTG.OBB Occupant Behavior in Buildings
CoSponsor: 7.5 Smart Building Systems
Building energy consumption is a systematic procedure influenced by not only engineering technologies, but also cultural concept, occupant behavior and others. People spend more than 90% of time in buildings and as a result occupant behavior becomes a leading factor that affects building energy consumption. Occupant behavior driven building operation is one critical way to reduce energy consumption in buildings. This seminar aims to highlight current state-of-art research on occupant behavior driven building operation by LBNL, Department of Energy, the University of Texas at San Antonio and Delos Living LLC. This seminar is part of IEA EBC Annex 66 activities.
1 An Introduction of ASHRAE Multidisciplinary Task Group on Occupant Behavior in Buildings
2 Development and Commercialization of Occupant-Centered Building Control Schemes: An Energy Policy Perspective
Recent literature suggests substantial energy savings and comfort improvements are possible from strategies that bring human preferences into the building operations and controls loop, using either direct, real-time occupant feedback; passive feedback through proxy occupant sensors; or a hybrid of these approaches. This presentation discusses BTO’s recently launched R&D effort at Department of Energy and supporting activities in the context of the current state-of-the-art in occupant-centered sensing and controls, and also outlines the place of this research area in the larger R&D vision for the BTO Sensors and Controls program.
3 Behavior Driven Transactive Energy for Residential Buildings
Transactive energy is trying to control energy production, distribution and consumption based on economic signals. To have a more competitive market, all involving parties have to participate in this market, including residential buildings. Dynamic electricity pricing is one solution to attract residential building to interact with this market. However, residential buildings' energy management systems are not responsive to electricity price changes. The focus of this research is to utilize energy use flexibilities in residential buildings, to make them more responsive to economic signals.
4 Occupant Preferences on Indoor Environmental Conditions in an Open Office
Thermal, acoustics and lighting account for the greatest sources of discomfort in offices. Seldom have these three factors have been studied concurrently and outside of controlled laboratory settings. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of how temperature, acoustics and lighting affect physiological, behavioral and emotional state in an open office while subjects perform real-world tasks. The environmental, physiological, behavioral and emotional data were captured using sensors, wearables and questionnaires. The data was analyzed to identify environmental factors that influence subject comfort and behavioral change; and to discover the interrelationship among combinations of environmental factors that impact occupants of open offices.
11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 58
Sewage Water Heat Pump Systems: Recovering Heat, Cold and Water
Water-Energy Nexus
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University
Technical Committee: 6.8 Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications
Sewage water represents an enormous, yet largely untapped resource, that could be used as a heat source and sink for heat pumps providing heating, cooling and hot water to buildings. This seminar presents recent research, development and a project case study of a sewage water heat pump system at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. This system also processes sewage water on site for non-potable uses.
1 Waste Water Heat Recovery with Heat Pumps: Possibilities and Experiences
Interest in waste water heat recovery in the residential and commercial sectors has increased significantly in recent years. Integration of heat pumps with these systems introduces the possibility to use the recovered heat freely. However, integration of heat pumps also makes these systems more complicated. For the system designer, this means that knowledge regarding the influence of design parameters on the system performance over both the short- and long term is needed. This seminar presentation looks into how different parameters influence the system performance when using heat pumps; a few examples of heat exchangers are also introduced.
2 Recycling Water and Energy at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Part 1: System Design
Today’s evolving market for GeoExchange systems continues to develop solutions that are compatible with large buildings in urbanized areas where site areas for a traditional ground heat exchanger are extremely limited. For both new construction and retrofit situations, alternatives to a ground loop may exist such as waste water systems that recycle non-potable water. In fact, there are over 3500 municipalities with some level of recycled water distribution networks. These untapped resources offer both viable performance solutions and higher potential installation and operation cost savings. This presentation covers such a system at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science.
3 Recycling Water and Energy at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Part 2: System Performance
This presentation highlights the findings of a case study of a recycled water heat pump (RWHP) system installed at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science in Denver, Colorado. The RWHP system utilizes the recycled water from the City’s water system as the heat sink and source for the heat pump. This case study is based on the analysis of measured performance data, maintenance records, construction costs, and engineering calculation of the energy consumption of conventional central heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems providing the same level of space conditioning as the demonstrated RWHP system.
12:00 PM-1:00 PM
Standing Committees
RP-1663 PMS
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0)
12:00 PM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
PEAC
Pisa (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/10) Screen/Electric
1:00 PM-1:30 PM
Seminar TC
Want a Cutting Edge Career? Be in Controls! An Open Session for YEA Members.
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Chad Moore, P.E., Engineering Resource Group
Technical Committee: 1.4 Control Theory and Application
OPEN SESSION: No badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting.In this seminar, two speakers share their career path experiences in Building Automation Systems(BAS). The seminar focuses on the different careers within the BAS industry. Chariti Young, Member, Automated Logic Corp. presents, “A Cutting Edge Career in Building Automation Systems”. Jason Beu, The RMH Group, Inc., presents, “Path to a Career in Controls”.
1:00 PM-2:30 PM
Seminar 49
ASHRAE's Residential Initiative: Why We Care
Building Operation and Performance
N235/237 (LVCC North Building)
Chair:
Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Gas Technology Institute
Sponsor: Residential Building Committee
Although ASHRAE historically has not focused on residential HVAC energy use, the residential sector consumes at least as much energy as the commercial sector, and approximately one-fifth of all primary energy in the United States. Three Presidential Fellows will present on ASHRAE's recent endeavors into the residential sector. The session covers how the Residential Ad Hoc Committee became the newly established Residential Building Committee, what purpose the RBC serves, and the importance of residential design in ASHRAE standards, including Standard 100, 62.2, 55, and ICC/ASHRAE Standard 700. They also summarize ASHRAE’s residential market advocacy efforts with government agencies.
1 Getting Our House in Order
The history leading up to the formation of the Residential Ad Hoc Committee (Now the Residential Building Committee), including why ASHRAE needed to do something, the charge to the ad hoc, and what it accomplished. The session includes a discussion of the ad hoc's activities regarding the role that ASHRAE has played, could play, and should play with respect to the residential HVAC and construction market.
2 ASHRAE Standards in the Residential Sector
This presentation highlights ASHRAE standards relevant to the residential market sector. The discussion includes an overview of the residential portion of Standard 100. It also summarizes key elements of Standard 62.2, and the new residential green building standard jointly published by ICC and ASHRAE.
3 ASHRAE's Advocacy in the Residential Market
ASHRAE's Grassroots Government Advocacy Committee educates local, state, provincial, and national government bodies and officials in areas of interest to ASHRAE members, targeted toward sound government policies for sustainable practices and reduced carbon emissions associated with the HVAC equipment and systems in the building sector. This presentation describes ongoing and planned efforts by the committee to obtain and disseminate key residential sector information to government agencies. This includes a series of Public Policy Issue Briefs intended for distribution to government officials and others with limited technical expertise, but who would benefit from information regarding ASHRAE and its activities.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 59
Recent Research in Data Center Cooling
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Nick Gangemi, Northern Air Systems
Technical Committee: 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
CoSponsor: 9.9 Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Recent research in data center cooling is changing our thinking about designing and operating facilities for maximum efficiency and thermal performance and keeping pace with recent infrastructure changes such as air containment and a move to modular systems. This seminar re-considers PUE and energy efficiency, introduces a counterintuitive approach to containment, reveals recent work in designing for uniform tile airflow and discusses the thermal design implications of new modular systems.
1 Does Designing and Operating an Efficient Data Center Guarantee Performance?
Data center performance is often focused on energy efficiency. A recent survey found that the only metric for data center cooling performance in common use is PUE. This focus has had significant benefits in reducing energy consumption per kW IT in many modern installations. CFD based studies will show how a singular energy focus may not be the best approach for the business. By ignoring risk to capacity and resilience there is no guarantee of effective cooling. Focusing on effective cooling, on the other hand, is likely to facilitate an energy efficient data center in operation.
2 Computer Room Air-Handler Bypass: A Novel Approach for Reducing the Cooling Infrastructure Power Consumption in Air-Cooled Data Centers
A novel method is proposed to reduce the power consumed by data centers cooling infrastructure, blowers and chillers. This method is applied to enclosed aisle configurations in which the CRAH is partially bypassed by inducing hot air into the plenum. This slightly depresses the plenum pressure and eliminates wasteful leakage of cold air. The proposed approach decreases the CRAH blower power and leads to a substantial reduction in the combined power consumption of blowers/fans and chillers.
3 Evaluation of Strategies for Uniform Airflow through Perforated Tiles in Data Centers
Non-uniform airflow distribution through perforated tiles can result in inefficient cooling of servers mounted in racks in data centers. The application of strategies to maximize airflow uniformity is therefore very important because of its direct impact on power density capacity. This presentation examines how computer room air handler (CRAH) position and number of operating units as well as perforated tile types affect the airflow uniformity in selected data center applications. Also, the use of mixed tile types to strategically control airflow to accommodate greater rack heat loads is evaluated.
4 Thermal Design of Modular Mission Critical Systems
Shipping-container size enclosures now often house modular substations and data centers promising higher quality, lower risk, and better scalability than their stick-built counterparts. The electrical or electronics equipment housed in such enclosures may lack fans or be more like IT equipment of traditional data centers. Often a spatially-detailed thermal analysis is required to ensure that air temperatures are adequately controlled throughout the entire enclosure. Such modular applications introduce several modeling challenges related to the type of equipment housed, the cooling systems employed, and the extreme environments in which they must be designed to operate.
2:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards SPLS
Calabria (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/10) Screen/Electric
2:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Society Rules
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/20) Screen/Electric
2:45 PM-3:45 PM
Seminar 50
Flex Ducts, Hard Ducts and No Ducts: Migration Patterns for Duct Hunters (or not) in the Land of Thermal Comfort
Building Operation and Performance
N235/237 (LVCC North Building)
Chair:
Constantinos A. Balaras, Ph.D., Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, NOA
Technical Committee: 6.5 Radiant Heating and Cooling
Sponsor: Residential Building Committee
CoSponsor: 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
In the land of comfort, educated home owners are changing their thermal expectations from HVAC systems, and contractors are on the front line hunting for the best solutions. Regardless of ducts or pipes, the “migration” of heat takes a basic understanding of what works and what doesn’t. It is not easy to figure out the right design for the application, especially as homes get more efficient. Low-cost ducted systems may not always work right or be the best fit. This seminar looks at best practices for distributing heat in residential air and hydronic systems, including ducted and radiant design options.
1 Flex Duct Doesn't Mean You Can Flex the Rules
This presentation shines the light of truth on airflow in poorly installed residential flexible ducts. Advertised airflow data is based on ASHRAE Standard 120 testing, which is a valid test protocol, but not reflective of actual performance in field installed flexible ducts. A new ASHRAE Duct Size Calculator (now available from ASHRAE Publications) is also described.
2 Hard Ducts Are Not so Hard
Before flex duct showed up on the scene, rigid sheet metal ducts dominated forced air distribution systems. Hard-pipe systems aren’t as common now, but they’re still effective and useful. They can be more durable and efficient than flex and fiberglass ductboard when designed and installed properly. Presented are some best practices to follow when designing, installing, and commissioning hard-pipe ducts systems.
3 What Ducts? Who Needs Ducts?
This presentation focuses on hydronics, the original ductless systems as alternatives to ducted systems in residential applications. It provides an overview of converting sensible cooling and heating loads into flow rates, how and why to pick pipes based on velocity and head loss; and how to best distribute the flows to enable occupants to sense and perceive thermal comfort without ductwork.
3:00 PM-4:00 PM
Standing Committees
Energy Efficiency in Buildings Position Document Committee
Forum 18 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0) Screen
3:15 PM-4:45 PM
Seminar 60
Blue Is the New Green: ASHRAE Takes the Plunge into Water Use
Water-Energy Nexus
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Calina Ferraro, P.E., Randall Lamb Associates, Inc.
Sponsor: Standard 191, Standard 188
ASHRAE’s previous scope is expanding beyond ventilation, heating, cooling and energy. As designs become more integrated, ASHRAE members are seeking standards and guidance related to water use in the build environment, particularly water efficiency and the impacts of water on energy and health. This session introduces ASHRAE standards addressing water in the built environment, particularly Standards 191, 188 and 189.1.
1 Standard 189.1: Standard for Design of High-Performance Green Buildings
2 Standard 188: Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems
This presentation covers the background and history of legionellosis and the conditions in building water systems that amplify it. The key parts of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 are summarized to give the audience a conceptual framework and sources of more in depth knowledge are given. Compliance requirements, health care facility requirements, the necessary building survey to assess the risk of LD, the key elements of a WMP (water management plan), control points, and the verification and validation requirements. The design, documentation, operation & maintenance of building water systems by the program team of knowledgeable persons is stressed.
3 Standard 191: Standard for the Efficient Use of Water in Building, Site and Mechanical Systems
ASHRAE 191P is a proposed standard setting minimum performance requirements for mechanical and process systems as well as a required water balance analysis for all water sources and sinks within a building and site. The presentation briefly discusses the history of the standard, define scope of how this standard interacts with other standards such as plumbing and irrigation standards, and highlight key requirements of each section covering everything from cooling towers to vivarium animal watering systems. Finally, examples of whole building water balances are shared to demonstrate how to apply the standard for different building types.
4:00 PM-5:00 PM
Seminar 51
International Experience and Contractors Perspectives on Residential Aspects that Need to be Considered on Every Job
Building Operation and Performance
N235/237 (LVCC North Building)
Chair:
Lewis G. Harriman III, Mason-Grant Consulting
Sponsor: Residential Building Committee
It has long been recognized that design and installation faults have an impact on HVAC system capacity and efficiency. However, the magnitude and consequences of these fault impacts was unknown. This seminar provides insights from a recently concluded four-year investigation that quantifies the consequences of failing to observe the design and installation elements contained within the industry’s HVAC Quality Installation Specifications. It also highlights steps taken in Europe that are relevant to the North American market to reduce residential energy consumption, including deep retrofit strategies and incremental options with large market uptake for overall large impact.
1 Quantifying Performance and Efficiency Losses Due to Improper HVAC Quality Installation
This presentation summarizes the results of a four year study on quality installation issues: the effect of installation errors (e.g., leaky duct, improper refrigerant charge, oversized equipment, incorrect air flow, etc.) on the performance of residential unitary equipment; the extent that operational deviations are significant; whether the deviations (when combined) have an additive effect on equipment efficiency; and whether some deviations are affected by geographical/climatic differences. With an understanding of this information, field personnel are better positioned to focus attention, resources, and remediation effort on the varied design, installation, and maintenance practices in the HVAC sector.
2 European Deep Energy Retrofit Strategies Applied to North American Homes
The Unites States has the highest building energy use and greenhouse gas emissions per capita in the world. The European Union has much lower use per capita, and the United Kingdom has had one of the fastest declines since 2000. Energy efficient materials and products, building codes and overall energy policy are driving reductions in the UK and other European countries. This presentation highlights the steps taken in Europe to reduce energy consumption, including deep retrofit strategies and incremental options with large market uptake for overall large impact, that can be applied cost-effectively to North American homes.
4:00 PM-5:30 PM
Standing Committees
IEQ-GA
Forum 6 (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(20/0) Screen/Electric
5:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Standards SRS
Calabria (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(8/4) Screen/Electric
7:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Technical Activities Committee
Pompeian III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/20) Screen
7:00 AM-11:00 AM
Standing Committees
Research Administration Committee
Pompeian IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/10) Electric
7:30 AM-9:00 AM
Standing Committees
Executive Committee
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/20) Screen/Electric
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 17
Building Cooling and Heating System Design
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
David Shipley, P.Eng., ICF Marbek
There are many factors to be considered when determining which is the best HVAC system for any given application. The papers in this session discuss a number of those factors ranging from hydronic heating emitters, to thermally activated building systems, to variable refrigerant flows, to energy recovery.
2 Full and Part Load Performance Evaluation of Variable Refrigerant Flow System Using an Occupancy Simulated Research Building (LV-17-C067)
VRF systems are touted for their superior part-load performance compared to conventional HVAC systems. This study compares both the full and part-load performance of a VRF system with a conventional RTU VAV (rooftop variable air volume) system in a multi-zone office building with emulated occupancy. During the study period starting July 2015 through February 2016, each system was operated alternately under each of the three load conditions for 2-3 days, and the system parameters, indoor and outdoor conditions, loads, and energy use were monitored. The performance of the two systems is compared in terms of weather-normalized HVAC energy consumption.
3 Development of Water-Based Hybrid VRF System for Buildings (LV-17-C068)
Water-based air conditioning system has attracted increasing attention because of their smaller charge amount of refrigerant which is supposed to cause global warming. It is widely used for such as chiller, and there are more requirements for higher efficiency and improvements in workability in building use. This paper discusses the outline of HVRF and explains the refrigerant and water flow. HVRF enables free selection of a cooling mode or a heating mode in each indoor unit. It also discusses the coupled simulation of refrigerant circuit and water circuit.
4 Influence of Acoustic Ceiling Units on the Cooling Performance of Thermally Activated Building Systems (LV-17-C069)
Europe, with a building stock responsible for about 40% of the total energy use, needs to reduce the primary energy consumption in buildings in order to meet the 2020 energy targets of the European Union. High temperature cooling and low temperature heating systems, and as an example, Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS), have proven to be an energy-efficient solution to provide buildings with an optimal indoor thermal environment. This study focuses on quantifying the impact of two types of free hanging ceiling absorbers (horizontal and vertical), on the cooling performance of the TABS and the implications this has on the occupants´ thermal comfort.
5 Modeling and Simulation ofMembrane-Based Dehumidificationand Energy Recovery Process
This paper presents a first-order physics based model which reasonably accounts for the fundamental heat and mass transfer of vapor from humid air feed side to permeate side. This model comprises two membrane mass transfer submodels (i.e. microstructure model and performance map model); moreover, we adopt a segment-by-segment methodology for discretizing heat and mass transfer governing equations. The reported model is capable of simulating both dehumidifiers and energy recovery ventilators with cross-flow, counter-flow and parallel-flow. The model has been validated with measurements of a working device.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 61
Developments in Building Benchmarking and Energy Performance Data: A Program Manager’s Perspective
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Amanda Webb, The Pennsylvania State University
Technical Committee: 7.6 Building Energy Performance
Building energy performance data are essential to benchmarking and target setting. While the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) is the principal resource for this data across the U.S, recent disclosure laws in several cities and states have produced an additional wealth of data. This seminar examines these data sources from the perspective of several programs that collect and analyze them, and explores the challenges and opportunities for their use. Presenters provide program updates and lessons learned from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s CBECS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR, and disclosure and benchmarking initiatives in several U.S. cities.
1 CBECS: Highlights from 2012, Looking Ahead to 2017
The Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) is the only nationally representative data on energy consumption and energy-related characteristics in U.S. commercial buildings. The most recent data from the 2012 CBECS show that, compared to previous CBECS, commercial buildings are becoming larger and are consuming less energy per square foot, a larger share of electricity, and less energy for space heating and lighting. This presentation presents highlights from the 2012 CBECS and discusses innovative plans for the upcoming 2017 CBECS. It also describes ways in which ASHRAE members can contribute to the planning process for the next CBECS.
2 EPA’s Energy STAR Portfolio Manager: A Consistent Framework to Assess and Learn from Local Data
EPA uses the CBECS survey to develop the ENERGY STAR score for commercial buildings, which is made available through EPA’s Portfolio Manager. Numerous states and localities use Portfolio Manager to collect a building’s ENERGY STAR score and other metrics through benchmarking and disclosure laws. As the market moves towards greater disclosure, it is important to maintain simplicity and consistency in how we communicate building performance. This presentation explores new ways to view national data in a local context, opportunities to leverage city and state-level data for analysis, and mechanisms for public sharing of data within Portfolio Manager.
3 Using City and State Benchmarking Policies to Improve Energy Efficiency
In addition to the thousands of buildings that are voluntarily benchmarking, there are now 18+ cities, counties and states that have passed requirements for buildings to benchmark their performance each year and make this information publicly available. These policies are giving building owners, tenants, and policy makers unprecedented access to actual building performance data in their market. This presentation provides an update on these policies across the U.S., examines how local jurisdictions are using the data to motivate building owners to improve the energy efficiency of their properties and discusses the lessons learned and challenges ahead for these programs.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 62
Highlights of RP-1404: Measurement, Modeling, Analysis and Reporting Protocols for Short-term M&V of Whole Building Energy Performance
Building Operation and Performance
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Ralph Muehleisen, Ph.D., P.E., ANL
Technical Committee: 4.7 Energy Calculations
Data collection for measurement and verification for whole building energy performance usually requires one full year of measurement data. ASHRAE RP 1404 developed analysis methodologies for determining reduced time periods for monitoring that would satisfy accuracy levels required for annual energy performance verification. This session highlights the undertaken research, discussing the background of short-term monitoring for long-term prediction, the developed methodology, along with the results and analysis.
1 An Hourly Hybrid Multivariate Change Point Inverse Model Using Short-Term Monitored Data for Annual Prediction of Building Energy Performance: Background and Methodology
RP-1404 developed analysis methodologies by which the time period for field monitoring of energy use in buildings can be reduced to less than a whole year while satisfying preset accuracy levels of annual energy performance verification. The seminar presents the methodology of investigating the capabilities and the limits of hybrid inverse models developed from the shortest monitoring periods possible for a reliable and accurate long-term energy performance prediction in large commercial buildings. Such methodologies would be of great benefit to high performance buildings, and to Energy Service Companies who need a more cost-effective and acceptable alternative to year-long monitoring.
2 An Hourly Hybrid Multivariate Change Point Inverse Model Using Short-Term Monitored Data for Annual Prediction of Building Energy Performance: Results and Analysis
The hourly hybrid multivariate change point approach aimed at predicting building energy consumption by combining a short-term data set of monitored energy consumption, weather variables and internal loads with at least one year of recent utility bills. Two weeks of monitoring of hourly data in many cases, along with utility history representing the long-term data, were found to be sufficient for estimating long-term energy consumption. This seminar shows the hourly time scale results of RP-1404, along with an analysis that provides recommendations and guidance to energy modelers in their use of short-term monitoring for long-term prediction of building energy performance.
3 Predicting Building Energy Use Using Short-Term Monitoring and Daily Time Scales: The DBTA and the HIM-D Methods
This presentation deals with two simple inverse modeling methods and data monitoring protocols which can be used to identify statistical models that would result in accurate daily energy use predictions. The Dry Bulb Temperature Analysis (DBTA) method only requires measuring dry-bulb ambient temperature for 2-3 months but the monitoring period and length have to be selected judiciously. The Hybrid Inverse Model using daily data (HIM-D) only requires about one month of monitoring and utility bills. The model combines information from recent year-long utility bill data along with a few weeks of monitored building energy use, weather variables and internal loads.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 63
Inverse Design: A Fast Way to Achieve Your Goal in IAQ
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Wangda Zuo, Ph.D., University of Miami
Technical Committee: 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
Designing an indoor environment with good indoor air quality is often a practice of guess-and-correction which is a lengthy process. This seminar introduces how to achieve the desired IAQ for various indoor environment through various inverse designs. Speakers discuss the concept and methodology of inverse design for IAQ. Then the usage of inverse design is demonstrated through applications for offices and aircraft cabins.
1 Inverse Design of Enclosed Environment By Adjoint Method
This presentation discusses how to conduct optimal design of an indoor environment based on specific design objectives by controlling the thermo-fluid boundary conditions, such as air supply location, size, and parameters. This study used a CFD-based adjoint method to identify the othermo-fluid boundary conditions. Through defining the air distribution in a certain area (design domain) as a design objective in an indoor space, the adjoint method can identify the air supply location, size, and parameters. The adjoint method can only achieve local design optimal but the computing costs did not depend on the number of design variables.
2 Inverse Modeling for Optimization of Indoor Air Quality
This talk presents a method that combines the genetic algorithm (GA) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique, which can efficiently optimize the flow inlet conditions with various objective functions. A coupled simulation platform based on GenOpt (GA program) and Fluent (CFD program) was developed. Two new design methods were provided: the constraint method and the optimization method. A simple 2-D office and an aircraft cabin were evaluated, as demonstrations, which reveal both methods have superior performance in system design. The optimization method provides more accurate results while the constraint method needs less computation efforts.
3 Inverse Design of Cabin Air-Supply Parameters By CFD-Based Proper Orthogonal Decomposition
This investigation proposes to adopt proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to inversely design multiple air-supply parameters based on the specified design targets. The method first sampled some thermo-flow data by full CFD simulations, and then the orthogonal spatial modes and their coefficients are extracted. The above method was applied to design the air-supply opening size, air-supply direction and temperature in a three-dimensional cabin with the constraint of a fixed ventilation rate. The results show that the proposed method is able to efficiently determine the air-supply temperatures and directions simultaneously.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 64
Research Update on Activities Toward the Safe Use of Low GWP Flammable Refrigerants
Effects of Climate Change on HVAC&R
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Thomas Watson, P.E., Daikin Applied
Technical Committee: MTG.LowGWP Lower Global Warming Potential Alternative Refrigerants
Sponsor: SSPC-15, and Refrigeration Committee
CoSponsor: 3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants
AHRI, ASHRAE, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are collaborating to fund vital research that will establish a more robust fact base about the properties and the use of flammable refrigerants. This $5.8 million research program is coordinated by the AHRTI Flammable Refrigerants Committee. This session provides the Society with a summary and status update on these key research projects. The audience can learn the industry’s challenge and efforts towards implementing flammable refrigerants. Open dialogue during the discussion phase will help provide valuable feedback to research teams.
1 AHRTI Research Projects on Flammable Refrigerants
Three AHRTI projects on flammable refrigerants and their status are presented: Benchmarking Risk by Real Life Leaks and Ignitions Testing, Leak Detection of A2L Refrigerants in HVACR Equipment and Investigation of Hot surface Ignition Temperature for 2L Refrigerants.
2 ASHRAE Research Projects on Flammable Refrigerants
Three ASHRAE projects on flammable refrigerants and their status are presented: ASHRAE 1806 Flammable Refrigerants Post-ignition Risk Assessment, ASHRAE 1807: Guidelines for flammable refrigerant handling, transporting, storing and equipment servicing and installation and ASHRAE 1808: Servicing and Installing Equipment using Flammable Refrigerants: Assessment of Field-made Mechanical Joints.
3 ORNL Research Effort on Charge Limits for Various Types of Equipment Employing Flammable Refrigerants
In this project, ORNL reviews existing information on available studies and methodologies for determining safe charge limits for equipment employing flammable refrigerants. ORNL will then embark on a modeling campaign to evaluate different leak source and rate scenarios for various types of equipment employing A2L refrigerants using CFD dispersion modeling. The project status update is also presented.
4 NIST Effort on Modeling Tools for Flammability Ranking of Low-GWP Refrigerant Blends
For the thermodynamic performance of refrigerants, there exists predictive tools that can be used for working fluid optimization. It would be highly desirable if such a capability could be developed for flammability. The goal of the present project is to develop the capability to predict, from first principles, the burning velocity of pure refrigerants (R32, R125, R134a, R152a, 1234yf, and 1234ze(E)), as well as their blends. Once developed, the predictive models can then be used to understand the effect of individual components of blends on the burning velocity so that guiding principles can be developed for reducing flammability.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 65
Impacts of Technology and Energy Markets to the Performance of Absorption Economics
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Ersin Gercek, P.E., Real Engineering Services LLC
Technical Committee: 8.3 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
Absorption chillers and heat pumps have gained significant popularity in recent years due to advances in technology and improvements in efficiency and versatility. This session covers a taste of current research in absorption technology, a real world application integrated with renewable energy and a study of overall life cycle economic analysis of absorption systems based on current energy utility rates.
1 Hybrid Membrane-Based Ionic Liquid Absorption Cycle for Water Heating, Dehumidification and Cooling
In this study, development of a novel system for combined water heating, dehumidification, and space cooling is discussed. This system benefits from multiple technologies developed in Nanostructure Energy System Laboratories at the University of Florida. The membrane-based absorption technology utilized in the system confines the absorbent to alleviate the liquid entrainment issue encountered in the conventional packed bed absorbers. The ionic liquid utilized in the system alleviates the crystallization issue and widens the cycle operating temperature conditions. This system collects the space sensible and latent heats from an air stream and transfer them to hot water.
2 Solar Thermal HEAT Pump/Chiller Debut
A 25 ton solar thermal heat pump/chiller (STHP/C) has been commissioned at a hotel in Desert Palm Springs, California. Thermal heat pumps are powered by heat vs electricity. They deliver good energy and cost savings even when powered by natural gas. With renewable heat, and when chilling is co-produced, the savings increase dramatically. This STHP/C is powered by 500,000 BTU/hour of 250°F heat from a solar thermal collector. A backup natural gas heater enables 24/7 operation. The domestic hot water heating is 800,000 BTU/hour at 130°F. The chilling co-product is 25 tons at 44°F.
3 Absorption Systems' Economics
Use of absorption equipment has gained momentum in the HVAC industry due to improvements in the technology and versatility of new equipment and the recent drop in utility rates. Absorption chillers are almost always used where there is high grade waste heat such as in cogeneration systems. But is it feasible to use direct fired absorbers with current energy prices? This study presents economic performance of absorption technology with respect to the type of equipment, application, geographical location and cost of utilities.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 66
The Best of “Engineer’s Notebook”
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
John Kuempel, P.E., DeBra-Kuempel
Technical Committee: 9.1 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
CoSponsor: 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
The “Engineer’s Notebook” series in ASHRAE Journal was established in its current form in 2013 with four authors contributing monthly articles on a rotating basis. All four authors are ASHRAE Fellows and senior consulting engineers with more than 100 years of collective practical experience, and the concept of the recurring column is to share with peers what they have learned (sometimes the hard way) and experienced in the course of their careers, along with helpful design tips and tools. In this Seminar, each of the four has chosen their favorite column to date and has adapted it for presentation.
1 VAV Box Duct Design
VAV systems are the most common HVAC system for commercial buildings but duct design practices vary widely around the country. Duct design practices are seldom based on hard analysis of whether they are optimum from a life cycle cost perspective. This seminar compares various VAV box inlet and outlet duct design options including their impact on first costs and pressure drop. The presentation focuses on single duct VAV reheat systems, but most of the principles apply to other VAV system variations, such as dual duct and fan-powered box systems.
2 Reverse Return Reexamined
There is a perception that a reverse-return hydronic piping configuration uses more piping and is therefore more expensive than its direct-return counterpart. While the cost disadvantage of reverse-return is true in some instances, this seminar presents a case that reverse-return doesn’t always add piping length and system cost, depending on system configuration. Reverse-return is sometimes overlooked or dismissed out-of-hand when it offers tangible benefits and could easily have been implemented at no net cost to the project, so a goal of this seminar is to encourage pipe system designers to explore and consider reverse-return in further detail.
3 Waterside Economizers and Standard 90.1
ASHRAE 90.1-2013 specifies that “Water economizer systems shall be capable of cooling supply air by indirect evaporation and providing up to 100% of the expected system cooling load at outdoor air temperatures of 50°F dry bulb/45°F wet bulb and below.” Many engineers size the components involved in the economizer (cooling tower, cooling coils and ductwork or piping serving constant load spaces) solely for their primary function without considering how these components affect the ability to meet the above requirement. This presentation discusses whether the above requirement can be met and what are the implications for selection of the components.
4 Improving Central Chilled Water System Performance
Many large central chilled water systems depend on high chilled water temperature differential, ΔT, to minimize pumping energy and optimize chilled water thermal storage capacity. Buildings directly connected to central chilled water distribution systems should be designed to minimize pumping energy and maximize return chilled water return temperature to the central plant. High ΔT is achieved with proper coil and control valve selection, piping and pumping design and supply water control. This seminar presents ways to improve performance and avoid problems commonly encountered in large chilled water systems.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 67
The Future of Water and Energy Efficiency in Commercial Foodservice
Water-Energy Nexus
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Andre Saldivar, Southern California Edison
Technical Committee: 5.10 Kitchen Ventilation
CoSponsor: 6.6 Service Water Heating Systems
Restaurants are among the buildings with the highest energy and water consumption. But utilities, representing 2% to 6% of the operating cost, are a low priority within the design process due to the lack of “hard” data. The challenge for the designer is to identify efficient technologies that deliver consistent savings that “payback” the incremental cost. Fortunately, energy and water efficiency generally translates to increased performance. The less energy wasted the more available for cooking product! Energy and water efficiency is one of the most practical ways to imbed “green” into the design of a commercial foodservice facility.
1 Emerging Technologies and the Water-Energy Nexus in the Commercial Kitchens
Tomorrow’s kitchen will take advantage of new technical innovations in food service equipment to be smaller, faster, more flexible and more efficient. Water, like electricity and natural gas, is a mission critical component of any restaurant operation. Efficient cooking and sanitation technologies as well as regimented maintenance programs can drastically reduce water and energy costs and maximize profits. This session presents examples of new technologies that can maximize output, while minimizing energy and water use and fulfilling the evolving demands of the 21st century commercial kitchen.
2 Commercial Ice Machines: Case Studies in Energy/Water Savings Combined with Load Shifting
Ice making machines are ubiquitous in commercial foodservice. Ranging from cube, to nugget and flake-type machines, the installed base represents one of the largest inventories of foodservice equipment. A field study of ice machines in eight restaurants confirmed that the actual ice making (i.e., compressor operation) was coincident with utility peak periods. The measured duty cycles, combined with actual electric load profiles, demonstrated the potential for off-peak operation of these ice machines. A second field study demonstrated a dramatic (34%) reduction in energy use. Furthermore, the operation of the new machine shifted OFF had no impact on the foodservice operation.
3 Optimizing the Design of the Water Heating System in a Full-Service Restaurant: A Retrofit Case Study
Overview and results of an extensive project that seeks to modernize hot water system design and operation are discussed. The speaker discusses a study that monitored use from generation to point of use in a restaurant. Details will be provided on the original system’s energy and water use, delivery performance and overall efficiency. Updates on the design, installation and monitoring of the replacement system will be covered. The study was conducted to understand the limitations of conventional design and ways to remediate performance issues through a redesign that utilizes decentralized water heating, optimized distribution systems, and innovative dishwashers.
4 Restaurant Sustainability: Impact on Energy and Water Reduction
This presentation is a case study of a QSR prototype design that evolved from 2005 to 2015 to result in a 16.7% reduction in electric use, a 1.4% reduction in natural gas use, and a 19% reduction in water use compared to the 2005 prototype. The energy savings were evaluated using energy model simulations and spreadsheet calculations that take into account changes operation as well as energy improvements in the design over the 10 year period. The steps taken to achieve these savings are presented.
8:00 AM-10:00 AM
Standing Committees
Standards Committee
Palace III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(30/20) Screen/Electric
9:00 AM-12:00 PM
Standing Committees
Technology Council
Milano III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(37/20) Screen/Electric
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Forum 3
Climate Change: The need for a Hot Climate Building Design Guide Manual
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Melvin Glass, P.E., Emc Engineers
Technical Committee: MTG.HCDG Hot Climate Design Guide
This forum is intended to solicit input regarding the content of the new Hot Climate Building Design Guide. The hot climate areas presently defined as 0A, 0B, 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B zones. MTG HCDG Hot Climate Design Guide has been tasked with the generation of this guide for designing in hot climates. MTG HCDG has been tasked with identifying potential enhancements and would like to give the ASHRAE membership an opportunity to provide their comments to provide a well-designed, relevant, and energy efficient hot climate design guide manual.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 18
Modeling for Smoke Management Systems
Fundamentals and Applications
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Paul Turnbull, Siemens Building Technologies, Inc.
Technical Committee: 05.06 Control of Fire and Smoke
All three conference papers in this session focus on verifying modeling information with hands-on experimentation to validate the modeled results. In the first paper, differential pressures from shaft to building were measured in 15 different buildings. Comparing the experimental results to the modeled results, found that in most cases, hand-calculations underestimate differential pressures. In the second paper, experimentation with smoke movement through a high-rise shaft was undertaken and found that previous modeling methods did not match the experimentation results; so a new and improved method was proposed. In the third paper, a building fire was simulated and data on smoke movement in the shaft was captured. When compared to available modeling software, the experimental results were significantly different. More information about this research and their interesting results are up next.
1 Modeling of Stack Effect in High-Rise Buildings Under Winter Conditions: Evaluating the Validity of Field Observations (LV-17-C071)
To characterize the magnitude of stack effect in existing buildings, differential pressures measurements were taken in fifteen high-rise buildings during the winter of 2013. Four observations were made: (1) unless conservative leakage values are used, typical hand calculations may under-predict the shaft-to-building differential pressures, (2) introduction of cold air into pressurized stairwells cooled the stair, but temperatures remained significantly higher than ambient (3) introduction of cold air into pressurized stairwells caused significant pressure and increased door opening forces required at the bottom of the stairs, (4) pressurization of the stairwells increased pressure and stack effect flows via the elevator shafts.
2 Scale Modeling of Smoke Spread in High-Rise Shafts during Fires (LV-17-C072)
Driven by stack effect, smoke often spreads across a building through shafts, which becomes a major challenge for high-rise fire protections. It is therefore important to conduct research on the smoke movement inside high-rise shafts, for which scale modeling based on experiments in sub-scale models of full-size buildings is an important technique. In this paper, a new scale modeling method is developed based on a group of new dimensionless numbers based on the conservations of both heat transfer and mechanical energy for mechanical and natural venting systems of high-rise shafts.
3 Comparison of COSMO Smoke Management Software and Experimental Measurements of Smoke Properties During a Structural Fire (LV-17-C073)
A group of small-scale test sections consisting of acrylic and gypsum models with a single vertical shaft was used to simulate building fires. A propane burner on the first floor provided high-temperature gases that entered the shaft and moved to the upper floors via stack-effect forces under natural ventilation as well as mechanical exhausting conditions. Vertical variations of the pressure and temperature distribution were measured in the shaft. The locations of the Neutral Pressure Plane were determined based on pressure differences measured with different combinations of smoke mass flow rates and size of openings in the shaft.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 19
Modern Heat Pump Applications
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., University of Maryland
This session explores new research on residential style heat pumps and their increased efficiency and performance. The first presentation discusses the research of multi-family houses supplied with water source heat pumps tied to a buried storage tank, which reduces compressor electricity and increases COP. The second presentation explores the increased efficiencies of heat pump units when a coating is applied to the coils to minimize defrost. The last presentation discusses recent studies from a gas heat pump’s single-effect absorption cycle and its opportunities of energy savings.
1 Feasibility of Combined Water-Source Heat Pump with Thermal Energy Storage in Multi-Family Dwellings (LV-17-C074)
Residential and commercial buildings play a significant role in the energy consumption sector. Buildings account for approximately more than 30 percent of total energy consumption which proves that energy management in buildings should be prioritized. One of the energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions in energy management is utilizing thermal energy storage. The main benefit of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is to overcome mismatch between energy generation and energy use. This research is based on the concept of supplying multi-family houses space heating and cooling demands by implementing water-source heat pump which is connected into a buried sensible seasonal storage tank.
2 The Application of Icephobic Coatings to Air-Source Heat Pumps (LV-17-C075)
Eliminating or minimizing the defrost penalty of air source heat pumps will increase their energy efficiency and their market penetration. Preliminary research suggests that coating the outdoor coil of a heat pump with an icephobic coating will lead to reduced (or delayed) frost accumulation and defrosting requirements. Additionally, the coatings may allow faster shedding of ice and shorten the defrost duration. Prior research in nanotechnology has shown that a normal layer of polymer with particles for surface texture approximately 10 to 20 microns thick impacted the heat transfer characteristics of a metal substrate.
3 Development of a Low-Cost Gas Absorption Heat Pump (LV-17-C076)
Most U.S. homes are heated by natural gas, particularly in the Midwest and Northeast. Over 80% are heated by warm-air furnaces which range in efficiency from 80% to 98% AFUE. Recently, higher efficiency “condensing” models have saturated the market, particularly in Northern states, and shifting federal standards will further drive adoption of “condensing efficiency” heating equipment. Looking ahead, an emerging class of gas-fired heat pumps could continue this drive towards high-efficiency gas heating. The authors review findings from a recent development and demonstration of a residential-scale gas heat pump (GHP) for space heating, including results from laboratory and field evaluations.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 20
Ventilation System Modeling for Improved IAQ
Mission Critical Design and Operation
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Geoffrey C. Bares, P.E., CB&I
Modeling can provide both designers and building owners/operators with multiple choices in determining how best to meet their energy and IAQ goals for any given type of building. This session provides examples of how modeling can be used to provide alternative HVAC design choices, as well as the level of accuracy required by the modeling to allow for reasonable choices to be made.
1 Air Dehumidification Using Desiccant Coated Oblique Fin Plate Frame Structure (LV-17-C077)
Some researchers have come up with energy-efficient air-conditioning solutions involving the use of desiccants, which largely incorporate the use of low grade waste heat or solar energy rather than electricity. However, issues such as bulkiness of the systems, high initial cost and long pay-back periods, difficulty with retrofitting, non-availability or inconsistent availability of heat sources make such solutions’ market penetration rather challenging. This paper proposes a desiccant (silica gel) coated oblique fin plate-frame structure that can be retrofitted into existing air-ducts. This study suggests the use of oblique fin plate-frame structure to be a plausible alternative to conventional desiccant based air-conditioning solutions.
2 Zero-Equation Turbulence Models for Large Electrical and Electronics Enclosure Applications (LV-17-C078)
Zero-equation turbulence models offer improved speed and, potentially, robustness at the expense of solution accuracy relative to the k-ε and other two-equation models typically employed in CFD simulations. For applications – particularly, initial design – in which absolute accuracy is a lower priority, a zero-equation model is appropriate. We assess several zero-equation models for the thermal modeling of large electronics enclosures (e.g., shipping container size). Comparisons are made between the zero-equation models and benchmark 2D and 3D reference scenarios. Researchers recommend a specific zero-equation model for our target applications and discuss its performance relative to the k-ε model.
3 Numerical Evaluation of Thermal and Ventilation Performance of Passive Chilled Beams (LV-17-C079)
Chilled beam systems provide sensible cooling in the occupied space using chilled water flowing through modular beams mounted to a ceiling. Such systems achieve greater energy efficiency than all-air system due to larger thermal energy of the chilled water than air, and thus are well-suited for spaces with relatively large sensible cooling load. This paper presents a numerically based study focusing on the performance of combined passive chilled beam (PB) systems. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, the amount of sensible cooling by PB and its impacts on ventilation effectiveness and occupant comfort in a typical office room are investigated.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 68
Thermal Comfort Prediction Tools and Outcomes for the Built Environment
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
John Elson, Ph.D., Kansas State University
Technical Committee: 2.1 Physiology and Human Environment
Achieving the necessary occupant satisfaction with the built environment is a major focus of engineers. The demand to increase energy efficiency requires more creative methods to maintain the essential thermal comfort needs of the occupants. Energy saving measures, such as natural ventilation and non-uniform environments created by windows, can make prediction of thermal comfort complicated for the designer. SSPC 55 has created tools to improve thermal comfort prediction and account for the effects of natural ventilation. This seminar explores the tools developed for the thermal comfort standard and the areas where natural ventilation applications can be improved.
1 Understanding Thermal Comfort and ASHRAE Standard 55: Free Online Analysis and Visualization Tools
Recently, multiple free-to-use online tools have been developed to help practitioners and researchers analyze thermal comfort. This presentation covers two such tools: one is the official ASHRAE Standard 55 thermal comfort tool and the other is a mean radiant shoebox analysis and visualization model. Both include the recent Addendum G to Standard 55, which added a calculation method accounting for the comfort effects of direct solar on occupants. Topics will include: advanced visualization of the Standard 55 comfort zone, local discomfort determination, clothing ensembles, direct solar, LEED thermal comfort credit documentation, shortwave vs longwave radiation, glazing properties, and others.
2 How Comfortable Is Natural Ventilation
Before there was air conditioning or mechanical ventilation, there was natural ventilation. We have come full circle in the quest for low energy and zero energy buildings. Natural ventilation is used on many projects, but how is it used and how effective is it? ASHRAE Standard 55 describes how natural ventilation can be assessed to meet adaptive comfort criteria, how comfortable is this criteria? The work presented shows natural ventilation applications in various locations around the world and the compliance or noncompliance to adaptive comfort criteria. The presentation also highlights areas where natural ventilation applications need to be strengthened.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 69
Design for IAQ Enhancement in Healthcare and Industrial Buildings using CFD
Commercial and Industrial IAQ
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Gang Tan, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wyoming
Technical Committee: 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
Health problems related to poor IAQ have appeared more frequently in recent years. Indoor pollutants may be generated indoors or can ingress from the outdoor environment. This seminar presents pollutant source control in a hospital by optimizing the air intake design to avoid helicopter exhaust fume entrainment, and local air quality controls through detailed ventilation design for two industrial facilities to meet the requirements of health and safety legislation. Due to complexity of the IAQ related problems, three-dimensional CFD simulations provide informative calculations and help to understand air flows and particulate concentrations during the design process.
1 Design Analysis of the Intakes Using CFD in Hospitals to Avoid Helicopter Exhaust Fume Entrainment and Improving IAQ
Transporting patients to the hospitals in emergencies, the heliport is usually located on the roof of the hospital. This may cause the exhaust emitting from the helicopter to get into the air-intakes of the ventilation equipment on the roof, open entrances, and windows, leading to odor complaints and health related issues inside the hospital. Considering complexity of the problem and number of the design parameters, this study used CFD to investigate the helicopter exhaust fume entrainments into the hospital under different wind directions and speed, which helps find the optimum placement for air-intakes to reduce the particles and gas entrainment.
2 Design Considerations for Industrial Health and Sustainability in Large Aircraft Painting Facilities
Protecting the health of aircraft painters in an industrial environment that contains hazardous metals and organics motivates design and operation of hangar ventilation systems for maximum effectiveness, with a secondary consideration of energy use in these large and tempered spaces. There lacks of consensus regarding optimal air velocities in vehicular painting facilities. This study evaluated cross-flow velocity vs. exposure at approximately 50, 75, and 100 fpm, during fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft painting, using CFD, tracer experiments, and personal exposure monitoring. Contaminant removal effectiveness (CRE) was greater for crossflow ventilation than for other airflow path designs.
3 Using Displacement Ventilation for Airborne Particle Control in an Industrial Space
It is well known that displacement ventilation can potentially decrease energy usage while improving indoor air quality. There is little to no guidance on how to apply displacement ventilation in an industrial setting for the purposes of controlling airborne particles. The presentation focuses on a large factory space where the control of manganese particles from the welding processes is of primary concern. CFD simulations with particle tracking are used to assess the effectiveness of the design and highlight the most important design parameters that affect breathing zone particle concentrations.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 70
The New Laboratory Ventilation Design Guide, What's In It For Me
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus I/II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Roland Charneux, P.Eng., Pageau Morel et Associés Inc.
Technical Committee: 9.10 Laboratory Systems
This session provides laboratory designers with up to date information on lab design.
1 ASHRAE's Laboratory Design Guide: What's in It for Me?
ASHRAE's Laboratory Design Guide was first published in 2001. In 2015 the second edition has been significantly updated and revised with several chapters significantly rewritten, new chapters added, references updated and design tools added. This seminar provides an overview of the key features of the guide. This seminar also addresses several important aspects of laboratory design that may differ from other building applications.
2 How the Design Guide Serves the Engineer
Selected, inter-related topics from the Design Guide are discussed to show how the available information fits together to support a design project. Air flow control, space pressurization and air balancing is one set of related topics. Selection and operation of air handlers and exhaust systems is another. This talk shows how the Design Guide serves the engineer.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 71
What's New In HVAC Pumping Efficiency? A Look At 90.1-2016 Updates, EU Legislation and U.S. DOE Efficiency Legislation
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
David Lee, P.Eng., Armstrong Fluid Technology
Technical Committee: 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
The drive towards high performance buildings has seen energy standards continue to increase their minimum efficiency targets to hydronic equipment. This session explores the recent changes to Standard 90.1-2016 on efficiency targets of hydronic pumps and the upcoming U.S. DOE pump efficiency legislation. A look at the European Union efficiency legislation around hydronic pumping equipment and how they compare to North American levels is presented.
1 New Standards from ASHRAE and U.S. DOE for Commercial HVAC and Plumbing Pumps
This seminar outlines for both ASHRAE 90.1 -2016 and the Department of Energy – Energy Conservation Standard for Pumps, what these changes are and when they will effect the industry. The seminar comments on the implications of the changes to our industry from an energy conservation and cost stand point. Finally, the seminar suggests how these changes could ideally be applied.
2 Future Pump Performance Regulations in EU and USA
Huge energy savings can be achieved when using variable speed drives on pumps in variable flow systems. However most systems are still equipped with fixed speed pumps due to first cost. For this reason, pump performance regulations are about to be adopted in EU and USA. These regulations comprise the combined unit consisting of the pump, motor and VSD i.e. the Extended Product. Methodologies have been developed which rates the Extended Product according to the overall efficiency. This presentation gives an overview of these regulations and highlights the differences between the US and EU regulation.
10:00 AM-12:30 PM
Standing Committees
CIBSE/ASHRAE Liaison
Turin (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(25/10) Electric
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 21
Optimizing Efficiency in Fin Heat Exchangers
Fundamentals and Applications
Emperors I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Steven Eckels, Ph.D., Kansas State University Institute for Environmental Research
Heat transfer efficiency through modern fin heat exchanger design and fenestration is described in this session. Increasing fin efficiency and reducing heat load through fenestration design are highlighted. New research in calculations are revealed and detailed modeling approaches to fin design are also highlighted.
1 Revised Indoor-Side Convection Coefficients for Complex Fenestration Systems with Roller Blinds (LV-17-C080)
ASHRAE research project RP-1311 concluded with the creation of simulation models, the ASHWAT models, for complex fenestration systems (CFS) – glazing systems with attachments such as shades and insect screens. In these models, radiant flux – solar beam/diffuse or longwave –is on a layer-to-layer basis. ASHWAT also takes into account the convective heat transfer between the CFS layers. Methods to obtain convection coefficients for glazing cavities are well established, even for a cavity that includes a venetian blind. In this paper, a new numerical technique is applied to generate new convection coefficients for complex fenestration systems.
2 Comparative Study of Optimized Small Diameter Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers vs. Traditional, Larger Diameter Tube-Fin Heat Exchanger Designs (LV-17-C081)
Recent work has been conducted to characterize the air-side heat transfer and pressure drop performance of heat exchangers with slit and louver fins and tube outer diameters ranging from 3-5 mm. These newly developed correlations have been implemented into a heat exchanger simulation tool to predict performance, enable design, and conduct detailed analysis. An optimization study was conducted using a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) technique. This paper highlights the benefits of reducing tube diameters in tube-fin heat exchangers and illustrates an approach to design and optimize heat exchangers to meet a wide range of design criteria.
3 Correlating Swirl Behavior in Low Reynolds Number Flows in Wavy-Fin Heat Exchanger (LV-17-C082)
Sinusoidal wavy fins can help enhance heat transfer in plate-fin heat exchangers and thus improve the performance of compact heat exchangers in many different industrial areas like air-conditioning, heating, and waste-heat recovery. Besides increasing the surface area density of the heat exchanger, implementing sinusoidal wavy fins in plate-fin heat exchangers can also augment the convection heat transfer coefficient by generating swirls in the trough regions of the channels. In this study, single-phase, periodically developed, laminar forced convection in sinusoidal wavy-plate-fin channels is considered, with the corrugated plates subjected to uniform wall temperature.
4 Computational Study of Laminar Flow Heat Transfer Characteristics of Offset Strip Fin Channels (LV-17-C083)
Offset strip fins are used to increase the heat transfer coefficient as well as heat transfer area in compact heat exchangers. The formation and disruption of boundary layer takes place periodically in offset strip fins yielding high heat transfer coefficient, especially near the leading edge of each periodic portion. To characterize these effects, a computational study of flow and heat transfer in offset strip channels is performed. The Reynolds number in the laminar range (10 < Re < 2000) is considered and a range of Prandtl number is considered. A parametric study is also performed.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 22
Refrigeration Systems and Low GWP Refrigerants
HVAC&R Systems and Equipment
Emperors II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
This session includes five papers on advances in refrigeration systems and low global warming potential refrigerants. The first paper introduces a new type of refrigerant pressure sensor, a chip capable of operating at the required temperature and pressure ranges and compatible with the fluids used in these systems. The second and third papers present promising test results on the performance characteristics and chemical stability of next generation refrigerants, as replacements for R123. The fourth paper presents the performance gains achievable in DX systems using controls that continuously adjust refrigerant charge. Finally, the fifth paper presents modeling results on the global warming impacts of four types of supermarket refrigeration systems.
1 Assessment of Next Generation Refrigerant R514A as Replacement for R123 in Centrifugal Chillers (LV-17-C085)
R123 has been used successfully as a low ODP replacement for R11 since the ban on R11’s production after December 31, 1995, imposed by the Montreal Protocol. However, the Montreal Protocol ban on use of R123 after December 31, 2019, in developed countries is becoming imminent. This paper provides a description of the environmental and thermodynamic characteristics of R514A as a replacement for R123. The thermodynamic properties of R514A result in comparable performance to R123. The performance of two centrifugal compressor-based chillers was measured in laboratory tests with R123 as a baseline and with R514A as a replacement.
2 Chemical Stability Assessments of R-514A and R-1233zd(E) (LV-17-C086)
As the phase-out date for R-123 in approaches, alternative low pressure refrigerants are being identified and qualified for use in new and existing chiller products. This paper summarizes chemical stability evaluations that were conducted in the laboratory and in operating equipment to evaluate the system chemistry of refrigerant alternatives R-514A and R-1233zd(E). Chemical stabilities of refrigerants 514A and 1233zd(E) were proven to be similar to or better than R-123, and both refrigerants have been qualified for application in a range of centrifugal compressor-based chiller products. R-1233zd(E) has higher operating pressures than R-123 and is applied in new equipment designs.
3 Continuous Tuning of Refrigerant Charge to Improve DX Equipment Performance (LV-17-C087)
This paper reports on laboratory and field investigation of the effect of refrigerant charge level on DX packaged air-conditioner electric power demand, cooling capacity, and energy efficiency. In the laboratory, numerous performance parameters were analyzed as refrigerant charge level was incrementally adjusted above and below the manufacturer nameplate charge amount at a range of operating conditions. Automated charging controls along with performance monitoring systems were installed on package units at field sites in three climate zones: 3A (temperate-humid), 3B (hot-dry), and 2A (hot-humid).
4 Modeling of Total Equivalent Global Warming Impacts of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems (LV-17-C088)
Supermarket refrigeration systems are large contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which impose ever-increasing and global environmental concerns. It is important to quantify the GHG emissions that occur over the lifetime of supermarket refrigeration systems, for baseline refrigerants and systems, as well as for newer, low-global warming potential (low-GWP) refrigerants and systems. A commercially available simulation tool was used to model four refrigeration systems in a large supermarket, in two locations in California. GHG emissions from direct refrigerant release and indirect emissions due to energy consumption were considered.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 72
Introducing the Guide for Sustainable Refrigerated Facilities and Refrigeration Systems (1634-RP)
Energy Efficient Industrial Buildings
Augustus V/VI (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Daniel Dettmers, IRC U.W. Madison
Technical Committee: 10.5 Refrigerated Processing and Storage
Sponsor: Refrigeration Committee
CoSponsor: 10.1 Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems
Each refrigerated facility is unique. Due to this, design guidance and system level optimization is rare and difficult especially in the developing world. This ASHRAE research project, co-funded by UNEP and IIAR, has developed a design guide to aid designers, contractors and operators of refrigerated facilities and industrial and commercial refrigeration systems along with the teachers, utilities and policy makers that assist them. This seminar previews the contents and use of this upcoming ASHRAE Special Publication.
1 Refrigeration Systems for Refrigerated Facilities: The Current Landscape
This presentation provides a brief overview of the current landscape of refrigeration systems and technologies associated with refrigerated facilities (energy use, water use, refrigerant selection & externalities of direct and indirect effects of refrigerant emissions, sustainability considerations, etc.). In addition, it articulates the need to gather the best practices and technical information related to refrigeration technologies, design and operating practices for refrigerated facilities.
2 Overview of ASHRAE Design Guide for Refrigerated Facilities
This presentation provides an overview of ASHRAE's newest design guide. It not only discusses the goals and objectives of the design guide but it also identifies the guide's audience. The presentation also provides an inside look at the guidebook contents.
3 Applying the ASHRAE Design Guide for Refrigerated Facilities
This presentation discusses the guidebook's refrigeration system design example by going through a sample calculation.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 73
Low Energy Building Design Using Exergy Modeling
Fundamentals and Applications
Roman I (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Wangda Zuo, Ph.D., University of Miami
Technical Committee: 7.4 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings (EXER)
Achieving low energy buildings requires optimal usage of energy in different forms, which can be predicted by exergy modeling. This seminar invites experts to introduce how to perform exergy modeling for evaluating different energy systems such as a PV system and a hybrid heating system. The experts will also elaborate the difference between energy modeling and exergy modeling to highlight the unique information obtained from exergy modeling.
1 A Simplified Exergy Methodology for Net-Zero Buildings Using Rational Exergy Management Model
This study discusses the importance of exergy balance rather than energy balance of a net-zero building with the built environment involving such district connections like heat, cold, service water etc. and presents a simplified degree-hour method and Rational Exergy Management model that enables to calculate the net-exergy feature of any sustainable building in term of exergy exchange between the district and the building.
2 An Exergo-Parametric Study of Hybrid Heating Systems
In this study, an experimental data based exergo-parametric study of hybrid heating systems is carried out. Experiments are conducted in a special test chamber that was constructed and operated according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 138. Radiant floor heating and convective heating combinations at different splits were investigated for minimum exergy destruction and energy consumption while thermal comfort was maintained. According to the results, optimal radiant system to total system capacity ratio is about 0.6.
3 Energy and Exergy Analysis of Water and Air Cooled PVT Systems with Heat Pipe Technology
The aim of this study is to design a PV panel cooler with heat pipes and to reduce the pumping costs through an optimum design approach using CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques. According to CFD analyses, up to 12% of the original power generation capacity can be achieved by the new heat pipe technology. This paper also compares air cooling by finned heat pipes using natural convection and chimney effect. These results however show that technically feasible option is cooling by heat pipes and by generating useful heat if there exists a demand of suitable magnitude and load profile.
4 Application of Exergy Principles in the Design and Analysis of Heating and Cooling Systems in Buildings
Exergy analysis, in addition to energy analysis, enables to study the effects of different operating temperatures on overall system performance. Exergy analysis also enables to compare different forms of energy flows (e.g. electricity vs. thermal) and, therefore, allows a holistic approach to system analysis. This talk outlines the main principles of exergy analysis, shows its applications in the analysis of heating and cooling systems in buildings, and presents results from the comparison of different heating and cooling systems using exergy. Exergy analysis is a powerful tool for improving and optimizing overall system performance.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 74
Pivotal Role of Forward Model and Data Driven Model in Existing Building Performance Enhancement
Building Operation and Performance
Roman II (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Alamelu Brooks, ICF International
Technical Committee: 4.7 Energy Calculations
This session addresses how the two modeling approaches i.e. Forward Model and Data Driven Model will be put in to practical use. Checking, sustaining and improving the performance of existing buildings are often ignored due to lack of information, system interactions and budget constraints. Energy models can be effectively used to address these issues.
1 Application of Calibrated BEM to the Residential Sector
Calibrated Building Energy Modeling (CBEM) was applied to determine monthly energy bill allocations for a non-metered residential community. The calibration was performed using community level utility bills, real weather data, building survey data, and occupant behavior. The procedures can be applied to other buildings and occupant profiles. The results can be translated into algorithms in the form of an easy to use computer tool. Additionally, the monthly utility bill allotments can be calculated each month based on real weather for tenant review and instant behavior education.
3 Data-Driven Approach for Predicting Building Energy Usage
Accurately predicting building energy usage is of great importance in various efforts on improving building energy efficiency. Data-driven approach and first-principle approach are commonly used in developing models for building energy usage prediction. We employed different data driven methods to predict hourly energy usages in two buildings. One was a synthetic large-size office building from DOE reference building models. The other was an existing commercial building. The obtained hourly energy consumption for each building was divided into training and testing sets. We focused on evaluating the accuracy and model complexity of data-driven models for predicting energy usage of two buildings.
4 Calibrated Forward Model vs. Measured Building Energy Use
For a new LEED Platinum building, a forward model was integrated in the building design process and offered the flexibility to evaluate different design options and compare overall energy efficiency to the local building energy-efficiency code. The model was calibrated using 1.5 years' of measured building performance data after occupancy in 2012. The calibrated model energy use outputs are now being used to compare with the latest two years' (2014, 2015) of measured building energy data. In this session, the comparison results are presented. The effectiveness of using calibrated model output as a benchmark for building energy savings calculation is analyzed.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 75
Connecting Water and Energy in Facility Management
Water-Energy Nexus
Roman III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Annie Smith, Ross & Baruzzini
Technical Committee: 7.6 Building Energy Performance
Water and energy management are often separated when addressing resource conservation and system efficiencies. However, energy usage is closely linked to water usage in buildings and other applications in what is commonly known as the water-energy nexus. This seminar presents connections between water and energy management, demonstrating how conserving energy usage can reduce and control water consumption. Collected data will demonstrate that the connection between water and energy is more than a correlation. Case studies will highlight design approaches and operations procedures that strategically manage water and energy consumption as part of a facility resource management plan.
1 Water Usage Data in the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
In the commercial sector, energy is used to pump and heat water for domestic and other uses, and water is often critical to HVAC equipment. In certain building types, the usage of water can have a major impact on a building’s demand and performance. Collecting information water usage in commercial buildings is an important step towards a better understanding of the relationship between water and energy. This presentation discusses the collection of water usage data in the 2012 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS): reporting rates by important building characteristics, an evaluation of data quality, and discussion of results.
2 Water Usage Patterns and Metrics in Commercial Buildings
Commercial buildings represent a sizable use of water from U.S. public water systems, include the largest accounts in many jurisdictions, and utilize water for many processes and end uses ripe for efficiency improvements. Yet water conservation efforts haven’t made the same headway in commercial buildings as in the residential sector. This presentation reviews what is known about water use in the commercial sector, discusses gaps in current knowledge and how an inability to describe the variation observed in water use limits water efficiency potential and summarizes recent efforts by EPA’s WaterSense and ENERGY STAR programs to bridge this gap.
3 A Case Study of Water and Energy Conservation
Water is generally overlooked as a source of savings for facilities. The cost of producing and delivering water continues to climb, making it ripe for savings opportunities under energy saving performance contracts. Prisons often have a relatively high usage per inmate. This presentation looks at a recent prison project where prioritizing water conservation resulted in water, sewer, energy and O&M savings, which helped fund significant capital improvements. Water meter data was used to identify a baseline utility profile and achieve substantial domestic water system improvements. Finally, the presentation discusses adopting utility monitoring programs after implementing water system improvements.
4 Air Conditioning Condensate Recovery and Reuse for Non-Potable Applications
As humid air blows past cooling coils in the air-conditioning process, moisture in the air condenses and is routed away from buildings and disposed of as waste. This ‘nuisance’ water is being seen as a new sustainable strategy that contributes toward net zero installations and increases resilience in urban areas. As condensate recovery becomes a more acceptable alternate source to satisfy water demands, understanding potential necessary condensate treatment is important. Treatment methods should be considered based on need, efficacy, cost, safety and long-term maintenance. The case studies provided include examples of implementation, considerations, and lessons learned for condensate collection strategies.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 76
Standard 205 HVAC Energy Simulation Standard Representation in Practice
Fundamentals and Applications
Augustus III/IV (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
Chair:
Elyse Malherek, The Weidt Group
ASHRAE Standard 205: Standard Representation of Performance Simulation Data for HVAC&R and Other Facility Equipment, an upcoming standard, has the potential to revolutionize energy modeling through streamlining of operational performance characteristics for typical HVAC component's including chillers, fans, and unitary DX equipment. This seminar explores the early experience of manufacturers, software developers and energy modelers using this standard.
1 Standard 205P: Overview and Structure
ASHRAE Standard 205P (Standard Representation of Performance Simulation Data for HVAC&R and Other Facility Equipment) defines data exchange formats that allow detailed equipment performance characteristics to be published by manufacturers and then read by analysis software without human interaction. This will result in standard methods for automated manipulation of performance data in BIM and other tools, increasing both productivity and accuracy. The presentation provides an overview of Standard 205P and include data examples for unitary air conditioners, liquid chillers, and fan assemblies.
2 Chiller Performance Ratings: A Continual Evolution
This presentation looks at continuous change in chiller performance ratings over the past 30 years. A brief overview of the rating calculation methodology is given and the speaker discusses the changing methods used, expectations and requirements, and formats which have been provided. The development of a standard file type is merely another step in this evolution.
3 Transfer of HVAC Performance Data: The Software Side
This presentation discusses how the adoption of a standard for equipment data will change the development and use of building simulation programs. From the current situation where the developer must create equipment libraries and detailed instructions for creating new data files for the users, to a next-generation where the software can automatically load new equipment data without the user having to perform any formatting, to a future approach where the data is transmitted between manufacturer and software without any user input.
4 Impact of Standard 205 on the Energy Modeling Process
This presentation explores the impact of Standard 205 on the consulting energy modeling process including a sample case study. This explores how the accurate representation of chiller performance can result in better comparative results and improved consulting ability.
12:00 PM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Director and Regional Chairs
Trevi (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(15/20)
12:00 PM-2:00 PM
Standing Committees
Directors-At-Large Meeting
Modena (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/0)
2:00 PM-6:00 PM
Standing Committees
Board of Directors
Palace III (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(32/75) Screen
7:30 AM-11:00 AM
Standing Committees
Executive Committee
Anzio (Caesars Palace Las Vegas)
(10/6) Electric