2016 ASHRAE Winter Conference

Sunday, January 24, 2016

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 1
An Assessment of Unconventional Heat Pump Sizing with Variable Capacity Technology

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Walter E. Hunt, Electric Power Research Institute
Technical Committee: 08.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
Traditional methods for residential heat pump sizing allow for sufficient unit performance and comfortable indoor conditions. Variable capacity heat pumps have the ability to provide a range of sensible cooling, latent cooling and heating output, and therefore have flexibility in how they are sized for a specific application. Unconventional sizing of a variable capacity heat pump may offer energy savings and power demand reduction, while maintaining indoor comfort. This seminar examines two unique perspectives of unconventional heat pump sizing with variable capacity technology.

1  A Potential Solution for a Real-World Utility Issue: Oversized Variable Capacity Heat Pumps

George Gurlaskie, Duke Energy
During low winter temperatures, electric resistance heat in aggregate can contribute to peak power events for the electric utility. This study examines the concept of using oversized variable capacity heat pumps to eliminate the need for backup electric heat. Field sites in Orlando, FL served as a basis for the investigation. Results of the field study compare the usage of backup electric heat, annual energy consumption, peak power demand, dehumidification performance, and system cost between the variable capacity and baseline, single speed systems.

2  A Study on Variable Capacity Heat Pump Sizing in Mixed-Humid and Cold Climates

Jeffrey Munk, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
This study aims to explore the most appropriate sizing option for a variable capacity heat pump at multiple residential applications. Two variable speed heat pump (VSHP) models were used in simulations of houses located in the mixed-humid and cold climates to determine the impact that sizing has on comfort, energy use and peak power.  A single-speed heat pump sized to the cooling load was used as a reference for each home.  Simulation results indicate up to 10% annual energy savings are achievable by sizing VSHPs to the heating load in cold climates, with decreasing savings in warmer climates.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 1
Case Studies in Engineering Ethics

Fundamentals and Applications
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Mike Bilderbeck, P.E., Pickering, Inc.
Technical Committee: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education
ASHRAE members are often confronted with ethical issues (whether they realize it or not). This session is part of a continuing program under which ASHRAE members engage in an interactive session where participants are presented with three NPSE ethics cases, discuss the cases in small groups and then reveal their decisions. The actual NSPE decisions are then provided. Test your "Ethics IQ" against real cases and receive CE credit in the process.

1  Case Studies Parts 1 and 2

Mike Bilderbeck, P.E., Pickering, Inc.
ASHRAE members are often confronted with ethical issues (whether they realize it or not). This session is part of a continuing program under which ASHRAE members engage in an interactive session where participants are presented with two NPSE ethics cases, discuss the cases in small groups and then reveal their decisions. The actual NSPE decisions are then provided. Test your "Ethics IQ" against real cases and receive CE credit in the process.

2  Case Studies Parts 3 and 4

Kristin Schaefer, P.E., Schaefer Engineering
ASHRAE members are often confronted with ethical issues (whether they realize it or not). This session is part of a continuing program under which ASHRAE members engage in an interactive session where participants are presented with two NPSE ethics cases, discuss the cases in small groups and then reveal their decisions. The actual NSPE decisions are then provided. Test your "Ethics IQ" against real cases and receive CE credit in the process.

3  Case Studies Parts 5 and 6

Jennifer E. Leach, P.E., Cummins-Wagner Co, Inc.
ASHRAE members are often confronted with ethical issues (whether they realize it or not). This session is part of a continuing program under which ASHRAE members engage in an interactive session where participants are presented with two NPSE ethics cases, discuss the cases in small groups and then reveal their decisions. The actual NSPE decisions are then provided. Test your "Ethics IQ" against real cases and receive CE credit in the process.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Workshop 2
ASHRAE Standard 205P: Better Data, Better Models, Better Results

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Timothy McDowell, Thermal Energy System Specialists, LLC
Technical Committee: 04.07 Energy Calculations
Sponsor: SPC 205
ASHRAE Standard 205, Standard Representation of Performance Simulation Data for HVAC&R and Other Facility Equipment, is working with equipment manufacturers and software developers to create standard formats for the performance data provided. The intent is to make it easier to integrate this performance data into simulation programs so users of the programs can have access to the performance data of any piece of equipment that they are wishing to simulate. This session introduces some of the first categories of equipment that have been represented and provides a chance for the users to provide their input to the committee.

1  Performance Data Representation of Unitary Equipment

Neal Kruis, Ph.D., Big Ladder Software
This presentation covers the performance characteristics of unitary air-condiditoning equipment as specified by the proposed Standard 205.

2  An Overview of SPC 205's Annex for Water-Cooled Chillers: What It Is and How It Could be Used

Mark Hydeman, P.E., Taylor Engineering, LLC
This presentation provides an overview of the SPC 205 Annex for Water-Cooled Chillers with examples on how it could be used.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 2
Centralized vs. Distributed Geothermal Heat Pump Applications

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Mike Filler, P.E., Trane Company
Technical Committee: 06.08 Geothermal Heat Pumps and Energy Recovery Applications
Closed-loop geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems offer a variety of possibilities that can be optimized to the needs of the building type and owner’s resources. This session offers recommendations for identifying characteristics and design approaches important to good matches of buildings and ground loops. The advantages and disadvantages of centralized GHP systems utilizing chiller(s) are examined and compared to distributed geothermal-source water-to-air heat pump systems.

1  Happy GHP Marriages: Building Types and GHP Loop Options

Steve Kavanaugh, Ph.D., University of Alabama
Closed-loop geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems offer a variety of possibilities that can be optimized to the needs of the building type and owner’s resources.  Distributed systems in which several ground loops serve a single building are often a good option for large footprint buildings and owners with minimal maintenance resources, such as K-12 schools. Topics for this session will include building layout, cost of headers and vertical bores, total HVAC component efficiency and demand, load diversity, flow control options, experience and quantity of maintenance personnel, and results from long term field measurements.

2  When Should Centralized GHP Systems Be Considered?

Stephen Hamstra, P.E., Greensleeves LLC
The design process should take into consideration several parameters when determining which is a better fit; Centralized or Distributed GHP Systems.  Centralized GHP can provide advantages such as; higher efficiency for simultaneous heating/cooling which is quite common in commercial building; ease of maintenance due to reduced number of moving parts in a central location; greater potential for reduced ground loop size; easier integration with other technology such as thermal energy storage and finally, providing a more “future proof” solution.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 3
Control Valves in Hydronics: A Painted Picture

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Robert C. Walker, Belimo Aircontrols Usa
Technical Committee: 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
This seminar proposes to compare design and benefits of pressure independent control valves versus standard control valves. It covers system background, valve design evolution as a result of system requirements and ultimately the benefits provided by the control valves. The presentation ethos/pathos/logos aims to paint a detailed and complete picture of the possibilities of solutions at the disposal of design engineers, contractors and facility technicians.

1  Hydronic Design with Standard Two-Way Control Valves

Larry Konopacz, Xylem Bell & Gossett
The design of a hydronic system with a standard two-way control valve with manual balancing valve solution.  The discussion will address the need for balancing the system and controlling the load, and address the need for measurement and verification.  The two-way control valve and balance valve solution will focus on the control valves responsibility in responding to load variations in the conditioned space as well as responding to variations within the hydronic system. Design considerations will be addressed as will advantages and disadvantages of the design in a typical hydronic system.

2  Hydronic Design with Pressure Independent Control Valves

Hooman Daneshmand, P.E., PRO Hydronic Specialties, LLC
The pressure independent control valve will be examined as two valves within one body that separate the duties of controlling pressure variations within the hydronic system by way of a pressure controller – a form of pressure reducing valve – and a standard two-way control valve.  The advantages and disadvantages of designing with pressure independent control valves, as well as design considerations, will be addressed.  These will be highlighted utiilzing the same hydronic system from the initial presentation that addressed standard two-way control valves.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 4
Is Recovery Possible? Controls Challenges with Medical Codes and Standards

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Dave Kahn, P.E., RMH Group
Technical Committee: 01.04 Control Theory and Application
Codes and standards establish minimum levels of compliance. Medical facilities have minimum levels understandably higher than many other fields. However, as the world of controls technologies and sequences of operation have advanced, medical construction codes and standards have not kept pace. In many cases, this limits the ability of owners and operators to use newer technologies and controls capabilities to save energy while keeping medical facility occupants safe and comfortable. Speakers present case studies where some of these challenges have been successfully overcome, as well as approaches that can prove new technologies for inclusion in medical codes and standards.

1  Mandatory Energy Waste? This Owner Says NO!

Travis R. English, P.E., Kaiser Permanente
What other codes and standards can be used or evaluated to help in medical facility construction and specification? Several case studies will be presented with examples of surveying the landscape of other codes and standards to determine what should really apply and then creating unique solutions for the medical field.

2  What's in the Way of Better Codes and Standards?

David Castillo, P.E., Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
The speaker will help session attendees understand the code barriers that can prevent the application of new technologies in medical construction, as well as the approaches that can be used to prove a new technology for inclusion in a code or standard.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 5
Commissioning: Closing the Loop

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., MDCSystems
Technical Committee: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
Sponsor: TC 1.7
CoSponsor: 07.02 HVAC&R Contractors and Design Build Firms
It is common knowledge in the industry that buildings and systems have become both more complicated and more complex. This complexity often manifests itself in the interplay and display between various systems. Concomitant with this complexity has been the growth in the art and practice of commissioning. This program looks at commissioning from an international perspective. Experienced practitioners from far and not so far afield tell us how they get it done.

1  The Merge in the Middle: Commissioning in Pakistan

Abbas Sajid, P.E., Engineering Services
Pakistan and its region are home to some of the largest and most complex industrial and infrastructure projects in the world.  These projects deliver world class outputs for multinational giants. And when working with giants, time and quality is of the essence.  This presentation will highlight some  of the challenges and opportunities that can be faced when commissioing large scale industiral projects in a design-build execution model and when energy and resources are pricey and scarce.

2  Running like New Under the Sun: Commissioning in the Middle East

Mohamed Yassein Sr., Khatib & Alami Consulting Engineers
The Middle East, especially Suadi Arabia and the Gulf Coast have been growing in leaps and bounds.  Despite the region being an energy bonanza there has been great interest in alternative energy, efficiency and performance.  Commissioning is key to those objectives. This program will highlight some of the key features of commissioning in such a dynamic environment.

8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 6
Presenting ASHRAE’s New CHP Design Guide and eTool

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: James Freihaut, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
Technical Committee: 01.10 Cogeneration Systems
Sponsor: TC 8.3
CoSponsor: 06.02 District Energy
Historically, combined heat and power (CHP) design guides have focused on design and development features of major system components. Although these elements are critical to develop high-performing and reliable components, they are not of particular interest to an engineering practitioner seeking to understand and apply a CHP system to a specific application. This new ASHRAE design guide, developed by ASHRAE research (RP-1592), provides application and operational information about prime movers, heat recovery devices and thermally activated technologies; technical and economic guidance regarding CHP systems design, site screening and assessment guidance and tools; and installation, operation and maintenance advice.

1  ASHRAE's CHP Design Guide Overview: A Walk on the Thermal Side

Richard Sweetser, Exergy Partners Corp.
This presentation will provide an overview of the Design Guide by highlighting the essence of all twelve chapters. Practitioners with a firm understanding of successful CHP applications will understand that successful CHP is first and foremost reliable economics.  This means that matching CHP electricity and thermal production with site loads is essential.  Targeting addressable thermal loads then become the primary focus of CHP design.  Finally, accounting for the right economic factors will result in a good CHP assessment.

2  ASHRAE’s CHP Design Guide Review: CHP Assessment eTool

Gearoid Foley, Integrated CHP Systems Corp.
The CHP Analysis Tool builds on an analysis engine used in assessing sites for CHP applicability during 10 years of work with the DOE and the private sector. The ASHRAE CHP Analysis Tool has been further developed as part of ASHRAE research project RP-1592 to provide an initial understanding of the CHP potential for a given site. The CHP Analysis Tool provides a consistent and tested means for assessing CHP system economic performance for building with weather dependent and process loads using monthly utility billing data.  The results of the analysis are intended to be used for guidance purposes only.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 1
Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency: Measurement and Analysis of Multiple Approaches

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jaideep S. Karnik, HCYU Building Engineered Solutions
This session presents results from measurements of the effectiveness of demand controlled ventilation in variable air volume (VAV) systems, CO2 concentrations in offices with displacement ventilation and testing of the effectiveness of a plant-assisted air filter in reducing outside air ventilation requirements. In each case, the measurements are combined with substantial analysis to point toward ways to more effectively use each technology and to aid in generalizing results of the measurements reported.

1  Demand Controlled Ventilation in Practice: Best Practices Learned from Six VAV Systems (OR-16-C001)

Scott Hackel, P.E., Seventhwave
Saranya Gunasingh, Energy Center of Wisconsin
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) systems use sensors—generally either CO2 or occupancy sensors—to estimate the actual number of people in an area and supply only as much ventilation air as is needed at that time. This can save substantial energy over the traditional method of ventilation which assumes that all spaces in a building are at peak occupancy at all times. But while DCV has been in use for over 20 years and its theoretical impacts have been well demonstrated, little is known about the actual operation and energy performance of these systems in real buildings. And even less is known about the performance of DCV for complex multizone systems. This paper helps fill this information gap by covering a field study of DCV systems that we recently conducted in multizone HVAC systems in the upper Midwest. After gathering information on a broad number of actual DCV systems installed in this region, the authors have measured, analyzed and demonstrated the impact of DCV in a subset of six such systems.

2  Biowall for Improved IAQ in Residences (OR-16-C002)

William Hutzel, P.E., Purdue University
Reinhard Mietusch, University of Dresden
Osama Alradaddi, Purdue University
Bhargav Rajkhowa, Purdue University
The biowall is a plant-assisted air-filter that is integrated with the central HVAC system on a home to improve indoor air quality and has the potential to reduce energy consumption. The biowall concept has been evaluated in a laboratory setting and a pre-commercialization prototype has also been installed in a model home for further evaluation. This paper summarizes the laboratory and field demonstration work that has been accomplished since 2014. It is expected that a biowall can reduce the outside air requirements for IAQ by up to 50% which could subsequently reduce HVAC energy consumption by 30%.

3  Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Removal Efficiency in a Displacement Ventilation System (OR-16-C003)

Reza Ghias, Ph.D., Price
Mike Koupriyanov, P.E., Price Industries Limited
Ramin Rezaei, Southland Industries
Displacement ventilation systems have found increased usage in recent years and have been shown to reduce energy consumption while satisfying the required indoor air quality (IAQ) standard. The system takes advantage of thermal buoyancy effect to displace warm air and light containments above the occupant breathing zone. This makes the displacement ventilation system a good candidate for cooling spaces with high ceilings. Despite the advantages of this system there are still questions on the system ability in removing CO2, which has a higher molecular weight than air. The current paper investigates the CO2 concentration from occupants in an interior office with a displacement ventilation system.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Technical Paper Session 1
Simulating Noise Attenuation in Ducts

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Thomas H. Kuehn, PhD, University of Minnesota
Ducts transmit much of the noise heard in office environments. This session uses finite element simulation to determine the attenuation that can be expected from insertion losses, transmission losses, elbows, side branches and breakout transmission loss in lined and unlined ducts for a much wider range of conditions than those provided in the Handbook tables. The results have demonstrated good agreement with available measured data.

1  A Simulation Approach to Determine the Insertion and Transmission Loss of Unlined and Lined Ducts (RP-1529) (OR-16-001)

David W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky
Kangping Ruan, Ph.D., University of Kentucky
One of the primary noise transmission paths in buildings is from HVAC equipment through ventilation ducts. The ASHRAE Handbook provides tables for estimating the attenuation of lined and unlined ducts up to 10 ft (3.05 m) in length. The aim of this research is to suggest and validate a finite element approach to determine the attenuation of ducts of any length and dimension. The approach detailed simulates the standard measurement approaches for assessing duct attenuation. The duct air space, including the source and termination, is modeled using acoustic finite elements. Poroelastic finite elements are used to simulate the fiber lining, and the metal ductwork is modeled using structural finite elements. The model is used to determine the insertion and transmission loss of unlined and lined ducts. Predicted results are compared to measurement with good agreement.

2  Simulation of Attenuation due to Elbows and Side Branches and Breakout Transmission Loss (RP-1529) (OR-16-002)

David W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E., University of Kentucky
Kangping Ruan, Ph.D., University of Kentucky
The primary path of noise propagation in buildings is airborne transmission from building equipment through ducts. Attenuation is increased if elbows or side branches are introduced into a duct. In a companion paper, finite element analysis was used to predict the insertion loss of straight lined and unlined ducts and results were validated with measurement. In this work, finite element analysis is used to predict the attenuation of elbows and side branches. Results for elbows and branches are compared to the ASHRAE Handbook with good agreement. In addition, an important secondary noise transmission path is through duct walls into rooms. This path, which is often termed breakout noise, is also investigated using the finite element approach and results are correlated with an analytical solution and the ASHRAE Handbook with good agreement. Of note, it is demonstrated that the breakout transmission loss is much less than the insertion loss through lined rectangular ducts at some frequencies. This suggests that breakout noise may be the dominant noise path at some frequencies.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 2
Residential Energy Savings from Fuel Switching, Hot-Gas Bypass and Conditional Demand Analysis

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Gary C. Debes, BHH Engineers, a Division of Blackney Hayes Architects
This session explores the use of three very different approaches to reduce residential energy use. It presents evidence that switching from electric cooking and heating to LPG in Saudi Arabia can result in appreciable primary energy savings and emissions of greenhouse gases. Experimental work is presented showing both energy savings and improved heating system characteristics for a residential heat pump using hot gas bypass instead of conventional cycle reversal for defrost. Another author suggests that disaggregating residential end uses in Korea using conditional demand analysis may lead to improved residential energy efficiency.

1  Potential Energy Savings By Switching Residential Cooking and Water Heating Appliances from Electric to LPG in Saudi Arabia (OR-16-C004)

Faisal Al Musa, Saudi Aramco
Mohamed Yassein Sr., Khatib & Alami Consulting Engineers
Ayman Youssef, P.E., Saudi Aramco
Electricity consumption per capita has been gradually increasing by 8% annually during the past 10 years in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. One of the main reasons for this above-average growth rate is the utilization of low-efficiency electrical home appliances, which is encouraged by the low initial investment and the artificially low energy prices. In 2013, the residential sector consumed nearly 126 terawatt hours, which represents 49% of the country’s electricity consumption. This paper investigates the potential savings in primary energy that can be achieved by switching residential water heating and cooking appliances from electricity to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

2  Single-Circuit Hot Gas Bypass Defrosting Strategy for Residential Heat Pump (OR-16-C005)

Cara Martin, Optimized Thermal Systems, Inc.
Dennis M. Nasuta, Optimized Thermal Systems, Inc.
Song Li, Optimized Thermal Systems, Inc.
William Hoffman, Optimized Thermal Systems, Inc.
John Bush, P.E., Electric Power Research Institute
Ron Domitrovic, Ph.D., Electric Power Research Institute
This paper describes a single-circuit hot gas bypass defrost strategy, similar to those used in commercial refrigeration applications, for a residential heat pump. The hot gas bypass strategy does not require a reversal of the cycle, but instead bypasses some hot gas from the compressor discharge line through some or all of the circuits of the evaporator (outdoor unit) coil to remove frost. Similar defrosting strategies are successfully utilized in large-scale refrigeration systems, such as those used in supermarkets, but these methods are not commonly implemented in smaller systems for the residential or light-commercial markets. A prototype system was developed for investigation consisting of a manifold system that allows hot gas to be bypassed from the compressor discharge line through any or all of the five circuits on the outdoor unit coil.

3  Conditional Demand Analysis for Estimating the Electric Energy Consumption by Household Facilities in Apartment Buildings (OR-16-C006)

Hye-sun Jin, M.D., Ewha Womans University
Bo-Hye Choi, Ewha Womans University
Sung-Im Kim, Ewha Womans University
Jin-Gyeong Kang, Ewha Womans University
Jae-han Lim, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University
Seung-Yeong Song, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University
This paper proposes the conditional demand analysis (CDA) methodology, which is relevant in electric energy consumption by main household facilities and suggests important variables that can affect CDA values, accordingly. Although households, particularly apartments, are considered the main primary energy- and electricity-consuming housing type in Korea, efforts on reducing electricity consumption by households are limited. The usage of energy is mainly focused on primary energy. Considering that many attempts have been made to reduce residential energy consumption, disaggregating total electric energy consumption into specific end-use level such as heating, cooling, ventilating, hot-water supply and lighting, is a very useful method. In general, by obtaining information on the energy consumed by each piece of equipment, we can easily determine the total electric energy consumed.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Workshop 3
ASHRAE Standard 188-2015, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems: ‎What's Your Responsibility?

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Helen R. Cerra, ChemTreat, Inc.
Technical Committee: 03.06 Water Treatment
Sponsor: SPC 188
CoSponsor: 08.06 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers
ASHRAE’s new Standard 188 provides minimum Legionellosis risk management requirements for building water systems in managing risk due to Legionella bacteria. Use will impact building owners and designers, operators, practitioners and contractors. This workshop outlines the framework used in the standard, information on applying the standard to both utility water systems and potable water systems and aspects not currently in the standard, but are important considerations. The expert panel answers questions regarding the standard’s implications, use and direction under continual maintenance and allows a forum for ASHRAE members to provide feedback to the committee and discuss its impact.

1  What’s in the New ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2015: Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems

William E. Pearson II, Southeastern Laboratories
The long-awaited ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 was published June 26, 2015. Just a few weeks later, the world witnessed and followed as one of the largest outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease occurred in New York City and was unfolded in the media—with 100 cases and 10 deaths reported as of August 7, 2015. What is in ASHRAE Standard 188 that could have helped prevent this outbreak and do so for future outbreaks? There are many steps described within Standard 188 that require specific knowledge to determine how, where and what controls can be implemented to control and prevent the hazardous conditions of Legionella from persisting within building water systems. A presentation and tour of 188 is provided and discussed as to what important and pertinent information is found in Standard 188 and where users can find this information. Following the minimum Legionellosis risk management requirements for building water systems established in Standard 188 will go a long way in preventing Legionnaires’ disease and does provide the first U.S standard to address such.

2  ASHRAE’s New Standard 188-2015, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems: What’s Missing?

Janet Stout, Ph.D., Special Pathogens Laboratory
While following the risk management path outlined in Standard 188 will go a long way in preventing Legionnaires’ disease, users are alerted to the fact that essential information for successful prevention will not be found in Standard 188.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 3
Do Tall, Super Tall and Mega Tall Buildings Consume More Energy Than Conventional Buildings or Do They Conserve More Energy?

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Peter Simmonds, Ph.D., Building and Systems Analytics LLC
Technical Committee: 09.12 Tall Buildings
Nearly all new tall, super tall and mega tall buildings are required to comply with Energy Codes and therefore the energy performance calculations become critical. This seminar looks at specifics associated with modeling of tall buildings and compliance with various energy codes. It also provides information on the Energy Use Index (EUI) of tall buildings and what the expectancies are when designing and modeling such intricate buildings and systems.

1  Benchmarking Energy Performance of Tall Buildings (OR-16-C007)

Mehdi Jalayerian, P.E., ESD
Edna Lorenz, ESD
The first part of this presentation explores the relationship between tall buildings and energy use by examining the publically available data from municipal energy benchmarking ordinances. The analysis of this data examines correlations between building size, age, utility profiles and energy consumption.  The second portion of the presentation compares city benchmarking and CBECS data sets against a pool of newly designed/constructed tall building energy model simulations. The purpose of this analysis is to compare the simulated performance against actual consumption in order to better understand trends in new tall building design as well as assess if these simulations are reasonable representations of actual tall building performance.

2  Do Taller Buildings Require More Energy? (OR-16-C008)

Stephen Ray, Ph.D., P.E., Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Luke Leung, P.E., Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Do tall buildings consume more energy per square foot than typical buildings? According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, more buildings exceeding 200 m in height were constructed in 2014 than ever before. Is this increase in height accompanied by an increased EUI? Energy benchmarking data from New York and Chicago, two of America’s tall-building giants, is used to approach the question from an empirical perspective. Full building energy simulations are presented to approach the question from a modeling perspective. Governing principles of heat transfer, fluid dynamics and building physics are presented to approach the question from a theoretical perspective. Lastly, the audience is engaged to debate and settle the question for good.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Workshop 4
Compliance and Enforcement of Energy Performance Legislations: Status on the Ground and Possibilities for Improvement

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Peter J. Wouters, Dr.Ing., INIVE EEIG
Sponsor: INIVE EEIG
All European countries have energy requirements for new buildings, whereby requirements after 2020 must result in nearly zero energy buildings. Is it evident to assume that the energy declarations are reliable and correspond with the reality? If not, what possibilities exist to increase the reliability? What about the quality of the works? If frequent problems, what are the possibilities for a substantial improvement of the quality of the works? Most of the information provided during this presentation is related to activities carried out in the context of the Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC) and the EU QUALICHeCK project.

1  The European QUALICHeCK Project: Toward Better Compliance and Quality of the Works

Peter J. Wouters, Dr.Ing., INIVE EEIG
The challenges for the European countries to implement nearly zero-energy buildings and achieving minimum shares of renewable energy are tremendous. There are various indications raising concerns regarding the reliability of Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) declarations and the quality of the works. Achieving a significant improvement requires strong commitment from authorities and other major players, as well as sufficiently broad societal support. QUALICHeCK responds to these challenges by: identifying issues in respect to existing procedures; highlighting best practices for easy access to reliable EPC input data, delivery of improved quality of the works, as well as more effective compliance frameworks (“lead people to do what they declare”); and raising awareness and engaging relevant stakeholders. The focus of the activities is mainly (but not limited) on 9 countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, France, Greece, Romania, Spain and Sweden and four technology areas: transmission characteristics, ventilation and airtightness, sustainable summer comfort technologies and renewables in multi-energy systems. Particular attention is given to stimulation of innovation. The presentation presents the available outcomes, including the draft version of the source book on compliance. Interactive voting with the participants is used to increase the dynamics of the workshop.

2  Status on the Ground Regarding Compliance with Energy Performance Legislation

Jaap Hogeling, Dr.Ing., ISSO

The presentation presents findings of various European studies dealing with the status on the ground regarding compliance with energy performance legislation, e.g.: What level of agreement in France is there between ventilation specifications in the legislation and observations on site for new residential ventilation systems? Declared transmission characteristics versus the reality for new buildings in Cyprus. Declared conformity with overheating requirement versus correct assessment results in Estonia. Impact of calculation choices on the declared energy performances for Spain. Real versus calculated energy use in Sweden. Interactive voting with the participants is used to increase the dynamics of the workshop.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 7
Energy Submetering Fundamentals: Benchmarking, Baselining and Beyond!

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Joseph Kilcoyne, P.E., SC Engineers, Inc.
Technical Committee: 01.04 Control Theory and Application
CoSponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems
Everyone is talking about improving energy consumption. However, if you can't measure it, you can't improve it. In a college setting where an entire campus may be fed from a single electrical or natural gas meter, individual building submetering is essential to identifying big ticket energy waste. This session highlights two different approaches to submetering: one campus which utilized their building automation system and the other which built a network of web-enabled sub meters tied into an energy dashboard. See how each campus is making their metering investment pay back through targeted benchmarking and monitoring-based commissioning.

1  From Submeters to Savings: How the San Diego Community College District Used a Submetering Project to Kickstart an Energy Savings Campaign

Chris Manis, San Diego Community College District
Details of a three year submetering project to install web based meters for all campus buildings is presented.  The use of this data to target under-performing buildings for energy projects will be presented.  Details of how the metering data for multiple uses such as energy dashboards, energy benchmarking, energy project baselining, and monitoring based commissioning will be presented.

2  Leveraging Building Automation Systems to Perform Metering and M&V

Melissa Plaskonos, University of San Diego
This presentation describes the various ways USD utilizes advanced submetering in their building automation system.  Initially installed to assist in measurement and verification of energy performance contracts, USD’s building meters are used to track energy project savings in an ongoing retrocommissioning effort.  The role that energy tracking has played in USD’s successful and repeated commitment to fund energy efficiency projects will be presented.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 4
High Performance Heating, Cooling and Deep Retrofits

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Stephanie Kunkel, JMT
This session examines several high performance systems.  These include direct fired heating technology for high bay buildings and radiant cooling coupled with dedicated outside air systems. Deep retrofits can provide dramatic efficiency improvements, but often face challenges as described in a case study. The final paper examines design changes needed to achieve maximum system efficiency with condensing boilers.

1  The Secret to High Performance Space Heating in High-Bay Buildings (OR-16-C009)

Marc Braun, Cambridge Engineering
Jim Young, Navigant Consulting
Many buildings with large, high-bay areas suffer from high energy cost in the winter months due to inefficient equipment, poor system layout and thermal stratification. While various strategies are available to heat and ventilate the building, some technologies can meet these heating loads with greater energy efficiency, improved temperature control and other operational benefits. This presentation provides an overview of 100% outside air, HTHV (High Temperature Heating and Ventilation) direct-fired heating technology for high-bay commercial buildings and discusses the findings of a recent field study outside St. Louis, MO.

2  A Detail Case Study for Energy Performance Assessment of Radiant Cooling System through Modeling and Calibration at Component Level (OR-16-C010)

Jyotirmay Mathur, Dr.Ing., Malaviya National Institute of Technology
Yasin Khan, P.E., Malaviya National Institute of Technology
Mahabir Bhandari, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Guruprakash Sastry, Green Initiatives at Infosys Limited
This paper describes the study of an IT office building where radiant cooling system and conventional VAV has been installed for the performance assessment. The paper details the calibration of whole building energy model to component level; lighting, equipment and HVAC components like chiller, pumps, cooling towers, fan etc. Also, a new methodology for the systematic selection of influence parameter has been developed for the calibration of a simulated model which requires the large time for the execution.

3  Design-Build Successes and Challenges for the Byron G. Rogers Federal Office Building (OR-16-C011)

Michelle Swanson, P.E., RMH Group
The design-build construction method presents opportunities and challenges to all the groups involved in a construction project.  This paper will explore how the mechanical and electrical designers and contractors addressed these opportunities and challenges for the recent Byron G. Rogers Federal Office Building modernization project in downtown Denver, Colorado.  The project involved approximately 500,000 square feet of renovation and deep energy retrofit in an existing high-rise building  which is anticipated to to be added to the National Register of Historic Places in the future. 

4  A Deeper Look at Modern Heating System Design (OR-16-C012)

Omar Hawit, P.E., Westlake Reed Lesksoky
Chris Wilson, P.E., Westlake Reed Leskosky
Trevor Jaffe, P.E., Westlake Reed Leskosky
The heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration industry shows a trend toward increased adoption of condensing boilers in heating systems, but the full impact on design and construction is complex. The maximum efficiency of condensing boilers can significantly exceed that of non-condensing boilers at lower return water temperatures. However, in order to reach lower return water temperatures, coils must be properly selected. A standard coil selection exhibits a tendency to produce a smaller change in temperature with lower water temperatures. As a result, pumping energy increases due to the increased flow required to supply the same heat energy. This paper investigates the effect on overall system performance and construction cost of various heating system metrics with regards to condensing and non-condensing boilers.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 5
Refrigerant Advances

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Edward A. Vineyard, Texas A&M University
Attendees will learn about some of the latest research regarding refrigerants. The presentations will highlight studies done on alternative refrigerants, lubricant retention, optimizing low Global-Warming-Potential refrigerants and chiller performance with replacement refrigerants.

1  Evaluation of Alternative Refrigerants for High Ambient Applications (OR-16-C013)

Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Jeffrey Munk, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Som Shrestha, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Xiaobing Liu, Ph.D., ORNL
Bo Shen, Ph.D., ORNL
This paper summarizes an experiment campaign on alternative refrigerant evaluation for R-22 and R-410A mini-split systems. The experimental evaluation was performed according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 37 and the performance was rated according to ANSI/AHRI 210-240 standard. The paper presents the relative performance (efficiency and capacity) of the alternative refrigerant compared to the baseline refrigerant at the different operating conditions. The paper ends with concluding remarks about the alternative refrigerants for R-22 and R-410A applications in high ambient temperature regions.

2  Lubricant Retention in a R410A Microchannel Evaporator and Its Effects on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop (OR-16-C014)

Sarath Mulugurthi, Oklahoma State University
Ardiyansyah Yatim, Oklahoma State University
Lorenzo Cremaschi, Ph.D., Auburn University
In this paper, the oil retention in a microchannel type evaporator was measured and its effects on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are presented. The microchannel heat exchanger was a single pass, aluminum louvered-fin type evaporator with multi-port microchannel tubes installed vertically.

3  Optimizing the Flammability and Performance of Next Generation Low-GWP R-410A Replacements (OR-16-C015)

Stephen Kujak, Trane, Ingersoll Rand
Kenneth Schultz, Ph.D., Ingersoll Rand
Flammability testing studies were conducted to support a methodology to optimize GWP to flammability for blends of R32, R1234yf and R125. Performance modeling studies were conducted to guide the best design of experiments for the flammability testing that optimize performance. Minimum ignition energy and burning velocity characteristics were determined for various blends of R32, R1234yf and R125 to determine flammability characteristics. This paper will discuss the results of these studies.

4  Comprehensive Assessment of Centrifugal Chillers Using Next Generation Refrigerant R-1233zd(E) (OR-16-C016)

Stephen Kujak, Trane, Ingersoll Rand
Kenneth Schultz, Ph.D., Ingersoll Rand
Julie Majurin, Trane, Ingersoll Rand
Global pressure to control climate change is driving the development of new regulatory policies that restrict and/or lower the direct GWP impact of fluorocarbons (or F-gases). These demands have resulted in researching a whole new class of fluorocarbons called unsaturated fluorocarbons or commonly referred to as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs).  This paper provides an overall assessment of the application of the new HFO refrigerant R-1233zd(E) in stationary HVAC chillers. The presentation also reviews thermodynamic cycle performance and heat transfer characteristics relative to R-123, R-245fa and R-134a in a centrifugal chiller application.

5  Refrigerant R513A as a Replacement for R134a in Chillers (OR-16-C017)

Kenneth Schultz, Ph.D., Ingersoll Rand
Stephen Kujak, Trane, Ingersoll Rand
Julie Majurin, Trane, Ingersoll Rand
Regulatory and voluntary actions are beginning to limit the direct global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants used in many applications. A new class of fluids called unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons or hydrofluoroolefins has been developed to address this concern. These new fluids are being blended with existing HFCs to obtain lower GWP replacements or substitutes for today’s refrigerants. This paper provides an overall assessment of the application of R513A, an azeotropic blend of R1234yf and R134a (56%wt/44%wt), as an alternative to R134a. R513A provides specific environmental and safety features of interest including: no impact to stratospheric ozone, 56% reduction in GWP compared to R134a, no significant secondary adverse environmental impacts, low toxicity and non-flammability. This paper reviews the thermodynamic cycle performance and heat transfer characteristics of R513A relative to R134a.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 8
BIM Strategies for Energy Modeling and MEP Design Consulting

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Krishnan Gowri, Ph.D., Autodesk
Technical Committee: 07.01 Integrated Building Design
Sponsor: BIM MTG
CoSponsor: 01.05 Computer Applications
BIM is promoted and marketed by all factions of the design and construction industry as being THE critical component to successful project delivery with promises of streamlined cost and schedule metrics and efficiencies galore. More projects and owners require BIM now than ever before. This session brings together three industry experts to provide ASHRAE members with practical guidance on strategies to successfully implement BIM-based workflow for MEP design and building energy modeling.

1  BIM: An Incomplete MEP Design Solution and How to Complete It

Don Beaty, P.E., DLB Associates
Neil Chauhan, DLB Associates
While BIM represents the future of project delivery, the present, especially for MEP trades, requires creativity and imagination to compensate for BIM tools that are currently immature and incomplete.  This is compounded by an industry still finding its swim lanes as the BIM centric integrated project delivery system forces all parties to blur their scope lines.  This presentation discusses the disconnect between the process and product, the tools and deliverables, the expectations and outcomes.  The presentation will also provide guidance on dealing with the uncertainty and fill in the missing pieces to bring the project team together.

2  Effective BIM to BEM through Project Team Collaboration

Christian Cianfrone, P.Eng., Morrison Hershfield Corporation
Project teams are having to use multiple software platforms for various reasons (BIM, energy, daylight, etc…) so one software package may never do it all.  But there are commonalities that can be leveraged on each project to ensure successful delivery. Hence, it can be argued that seamless interoperability is unlikely to be universally successful or widely adopted, and may actually stifle creative workflows.  Rather, the success of BIM to BEM will need to focus on collaboration that results in a project-specific BIM to BEM workflow between relevant team members.  This session will outline a framework for this successful collaboration.

3  BIM to BEM: Early Design Process Collaboration and Application

Eddy Santosa, CallisonRTKL
BIM technology currently has been used not only during construction document stage, but also during initial stage. The good implementation of the BIM to BEM will enhance collaboration process among architect, engineer and energy modeler. However, the application in projects is still limited. The presentation will explore interoperability between BIM and BEM and collaboration among disciplines in early stage. Additionally, how the simulation results can drive better performance building and provide faster opportunities to identify different energy efficiency measures will be highlighted using case studies to show the implementation and lesson learned from the process.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 9
Evaluating Low-GWP Refrigerants for the Air-Conditioning Industry in High Ambient Temperature Countries

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Walid M. Chakroun, Ph.D., Kuwait University
Sponsor: UNEP, UNIDO
This session addresses the challenges of high ambient countries in finding alternatives for the widely used HCFC-22 in residential air-conditioning applications. A project was launched to test locally built prototypes running with different low-GWP alternatives. The session discusses the outcome of these tests and a comparison of the results, which by no means endorse any of the tested refrigerants, but shed light on possibly workable refrigerant alternatives for high ambient operation. Other aspects of the project dealing with economics, technology transfer and the challenges of implementation are introduced, including recommendations of further required investigation.

1  Challenges in Promoting Low-GWP Refrigerants in High-Ambient Countries

Ayman Eltalouny, UNEP
This presentation intends to offer an overview about the key challenges facing the air-conditioning industry in high-ambient countries in meeting global and national environmental and energy commitments while examining new low-GWP alternatives. The introduction of debates about key definitions like high ambient and low-GWP will be also discussed as part of different perspectives and views. The presentation will also include the driving forces and key objectives of the UNEP-UNIDO PRAHA project and its relation to other testing and research work.

2  PRAHA Methodology: Building and Testing Prototypes and Related Research

Walid M. Chakroun, Ph.D., Kuwait University
The core component of UNEP/UNIDO project for promoting low-GWP alternatives in high-ambient countries is building and testing prototypes by local OEMs with the support of several international technology providers. The presentation introduces the findings of the testing of the prototypes developed under the project for four different categories of air-conditioning applications using four different types of alternative refrigerants. Detailed background on the testing methodology, design limitations and the criteria for selecting the capacities, refrigerants and design parameters are included in the presentation. The presentation also reflects the technical challenges the project faced while building and testing the prototypes.

3  PRAHA Beyond Testing: Other Work and Key Findings

Bassam Elassaad, P.Eng., Consultant
PRAHA project went beyond building and testing prototypes, with alternative refrigerants, that can work efficiently in high-ambient conditions. This presentation introduces the work and findings for assessing the impact of relevant energy efficiency standards on the process of refrigerant selection, examining the economic factors that could affect the decision of adopting low-GWP alternatives, understanding barriers to ease the technology transfer and facilitate transferring the sound use of alternatives in the air-conditioning industry. The presentation also includes key findings and outcomes about examining how using the district cooling applications can reduce dependency on high/higher GWP alternatives and promote not-in-kind technologies.

4  Concluding Messages: Potentials and Remaining Work

Ole Nielsen, United Nations Industrial Development Organization
The main objective of PRAHA project is to assist the process of decision making at government and industry levels in high ambient countries. This presentation includes the key messages concluded from PRAHA project concerning many policy and technical aspects that need to be considered by the respective decision makers at both levels. Discussion includes key recommendations related to comprehensive risk assessment, the need of the servicing sector, the introduction of relevative standards and codes, and and the introduction of incentives for the industry and end-users.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 10
Legionella Codes, Standards and Guidelines

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Erica Stewart, Kaiser Permanente National EH&S
Technical Committee: Environmental Health Committee
Sponsor: SSPC188
CoSponsor: 09.06 Healthcare Facilities
This seminar covers international and domestic codes, standards and guidelines for the management of Legionella in building water systems. The Health Safety Executive of the UK and Public Works and Government Services Canada have issued regulations for managing Legionella; in June 2015 ASHRAE published a standard for risk management of Legionella at the same time the American Industrial Hygiene Association released a guidance document for the recognition, evaluation and control of Legionella.

1  Latest Developments in the Control of Legionella in the UK

Frank Mills, Low Carbon Design Consultants
The UK has had a number of serious Legionella outbreaks over the past five years. After a major inquiry that managed to identify the causes, a guide was written and a program of information dissemination ensued. Unfortunately there have been further outbreaks and further guidance. The Health and Safety Executive has now published HSG 274, the Approved Code of Practice - ACOPS - which is the most definitive document and is a UK legal requirement. This presentation will describe the approach and the detail which this guide goes into to ensure high levels of protection.

2  Public Works and Government Services Canada MD15161: Control of Legionella in Mechanical Systems

Lan Chi Nguyen Weekes, P.Eng., InAIR Environmental Ltd
Legionnaire’s disease is again a topic of great interest to IAQ practitioners as the incidence of this disease worldwide is on the rise. Public Works and Government Services Canada has issued a guidance document , MD 15161, on the design, operation and maintenance of building water systems in order to prevent the growth of Legionella bacteria. This presentation will focus on the inspection of building water systems, the evaluation of their associated risks and the creation of a Legionella bacteria control management plan (LBCMP) for any given building.

3  ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 Legionellosis: Risk Management of Legionella for Building Water Systems: Common Mistakes in Addressing Legionella Risk

Janet Stout, Ph.D., Special Pathogens Laboratory
While the risk management approach and water management program outlined in ASHRAE Standard 188-2015 will go a long way in preventing Legionnaires’ disease, there are many common mistakes and misconceptions that can subvert a successful program. The basic principles underlying the key elements of Standard 188 will be reviewed as well as the common assumptions and measurement errors that can lead to missed opportunities to implement effective controls. Case studies will be presented that exemplify both successful and failed programs.

4  AIHA Guidelines for Recognition, Evaluation and Control of Legionella in Building Water Systems

David Krause, CIH, Ph.D., Geosyntec Consultants

The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) published a guideline for the “Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of Legionella Hazards in Building Water Systems” in June 2015. This guidance updates and expands upon information previously used to conduct environmental source assessments for Legionella during outbreak investigations. It also provides a framework for competent professionals to establish a proactive assessment strategy of hazard assessment and longitudinal monitoring of building water systems. The intent is that they use it to develop evaluation and assessment strategies for Legionella and shift to a proactive approach that may reduce the impact this disease has on public health.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 11
New CFD Techniques for Design of Air Distribution Systems

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Atila Novoselac, Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin
Technical Committee: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful modeling tool, widely applied in HVAC design. However, it could be computationally expensive and complex, and new techniques and models are needed for application in standard design practice. The building modeling community has been developing methods that are fast and accurate enough to be used in early stage of the design or even in real time control systems. This seminar presents application of coarse grid CFD, fast fluid dynamics (FFD) and reduced order modeling (ROM) on real problems, such as air distribution in buildings and data centers. It considers speed improvement and accuracy.

1  Coarse Grid CFD for Fast Modeling of Indoor Environments: Why NOT?

John Zhai, Ph.D., University of Colorado
Large-scale CFD analysis requires extended time and computing resource, and in recent years reduced order modeling techniques are developed. Among many of these techniques, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) stands out as a preferable method. POD allows the processing of large amounts of high-dimensional data with the aim of obtaining low-dimensional descriptions that capture much of the analyzed phenomena. Here, we discuss how POD is used to overcome the issues addressed from the traditional CFD method and show how POD can be used for data center analyses. Both CFD and POD methods are compared in terms of running time and accuracy.

2  Reduced Order Modeling of Airflow and Thermal Fields in a Data Center

Cheng-Xian Lin, Ph.D., Florida International University
Long Phan, Florida International University
It is challenging to properly control the ventilation in a complex built environment, such as a data center room and aircraft cabin. The ventilation effects depend on both an indoor airflow distribution and HVAC system. This presentation introduces a coupled simulation of three-dimensional indoor airflow and building HVAC system. The indoor airflow is simulated by a fast fluid dynamics program, while the HVAC and control system is modeled with a Modelica language. We will introduce the principle of the coupled simulation and demonstrate its usage for the ventilation control.

3  Faster and Simpler CFD for Data Center Applications

James W. VanGilder, P.E., Schneider Electric
Traditional CFD methods have proven useful, though slow and complex, for data center applications.  Alternative, simpler technologies are becoming available which trade varying degrees of accuracy for speed and simplicity.  Potential flow modeling (PFM) offers nearly real-time steady-state modeling for practical applications and is best suited for estimates early in the data center design cycle.   The fast fluid dynamics (FFD) approach includes all of the physics of traditional CFD methods while being simpler to code and delivering an order of magnitude speed improvement for transient applications.   This presentation discusses PFM and FFD in the context of data center applications.

4  A Fast Coupled Simulation of 3D Indoor Airflow Motion and HVAC System for Ventilation Control of Complex Environment

Wangda Zuo, Ph.D., University of Miami
Major CFD computational penalty is caused by high requirement on spatial mesh resolution and this presentation shows the theory and practical feasibility of using coarse-grid CFD. It utilizes numerical viscosity induced by coarse CFD grid, coupled with simplest turbulence model. Case studies show that a uniform coarse grid can be applied, along with a constant turbulence viscosity model, to reasonably predict general airflow patterns. Such predictions is not as precise as fine-grid CFDs, but the accuracy is acceptable for indoor environment study at an early stage of a project. The computing speed is about 100 times faster than  fine-grid CFD.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 12
Operations and Maintenance for Optimal Performance of Efficient HVAC&R

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Mina Agarabi, P.E., Agarabi Engineering PLLC
Technical Committee: 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management
Energy efficiency measures (EEMs) have been shown to reduce energy costs significantly, but the impact of operations and maintenance (O&M) on EEM energy savings is not well understood. An investment in advanced technology that ignores O&M and staff training can end up as a costly mistake and cause new problems. This seminar's purpose is to present O&M methods for optimal performance of advanced technologies in HVAC&R. Case studies are presented of successful and unsuccessful O&M for efficient HVAC&R.

2.00  Advanced Technologies Alone Are Insufficient to Deliver Energy Savings

Tom Sahagian, Retired
High-efficiency equipment does not automatically mean high performance.  A brand-new multifamily building in New York City had all the bells and whistles: condensing boilers, multi-sensor BMS, and photovoltaics, among others.  Unfortunately, the building was not able to reap any of the benefits. This presentation will answer the following questions: 1. Why is advanced technology alone insufficient to deliver energy? 2. Is it possible to obtain acceptable energy savings with less-advanced technology? 3. When does it make the most sense to use advanced technology? 4. How can I increase the probability of obtaining promised performance out of advanced technology?

3.00  Case Study: Lessons Learned after Advanced Technology Project Implementation

Mina Agarabi, P.E., Agarabi Engineering PLLC
A mixed-use NYC high-rise was built in 2000 with advanced technology. An energy audit revealed that the BMS had unsupported controllers, an inadequate graphics card, sensors out of calibration and settings errors.  Benchmarking confirmed that O&M was inadequate and equipment was not operating as designed.  Additionally, staff were not adequately trained in the use of the equipment or the BMS.  As a result, the building's energy performance was worse than that of many 100-year-old steam-heated buildings. This presentation will cover the lessons learned from this case study.  Moving forward, what options are the most cost-effective way to achieve the intended performance of this building?

1.00  Operating Practices to Maximize the Energy Savings Potential of VFDs

Tristan Schwartzman, Goldman Copeland Associates
Over the last twenty years, variable frequency drives have become a widely accepted technology, consistently installed in new projects and retrofitted into many old buildings.  However, the energy savings potential of this technology is greatly limited by lack of training on their capabilities at the building level.  Especially where VFDs have been retrofitted onto old buildings, we often find them being used only for softstart or not at all. This presentation provides examples of a number of cases in which the potential of VFDs has not been maximized, and recommends adjustments to installation, training and operational practices that could address these issues.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 13
Updates and Perspectives on the New Version of ICC 700, The Residential Green Building Standard

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jeff Inks, Window and Door Manufacturers Association
Technical Committee: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
Sponsor: Residential Buildings Commitee
ASHRAE has entered a partnership with NAHB and ICC to revise the 2012 version of ICC 700. The revised version of the standard includes some significant changes intended to increase its adoption and use. This seminar discusses key changes to the new version of the standard. ASHRAE involvement and feedback on the partnership with NAHB and ICC is also provided. Application of the standard from a user's perspective is discussed.

1  The National Green Building Standard ICC-700: A Residential Building Game Changer

Michelle Desiderio, Home Innovations Research Labs
Until recently, residential buildings lagged in green certification because the cost-benefit analysis is different than for office buildings.  ANSI approval of the National Green Building Standard (NGBS) opened the door to cost-effective, credible, marketable green certification for homes and apartments. The green housing market is poised to double from what it was in 2013—going from $37 billion (27% of market) to $90 billion (up to 33% of market) by 2016. This presentation will describe the NGBS and the NGBS Green certification program, as well as emerging green building trends with the development of the 2015 NGBS sponsored by ICC/ASHRAE/NAHB.

2  ASHRAE's Partnership and Involvement with the National Green Building Standard

R. Christopher Mathis, Mason-Grant Consulting
ASHRAE has been a leader in the green and sustainable buildings, developing a variety of “better-than-code” standards, historically focused on commercial building performance.   As part of its increased commitment to residential building performance initiatives, ASHRAE partnered with ICC and NAHB in the revision to the 2012 Residential Green Building Standard.  Drawing from experience with 189.1 and a number of building performance topics, ASHRAE delegates participated in development and deliberations on hundreds of proposed changes to ICC 700.  This presentation will report on how the next edition of ICC 700 aligns with ASHRAE’s mission, technical rigor and professional standards requirements.

3  Pre-Qualification of Products and Systems with the National Green Building Standard

Theresa A. Weston, Ph.D., DuPont Building Innovations
The National Green Building Standard is unique among sustainable building standards in that it has a pre-qualification process for materials and products that contribute towards points within the standard.  The benefit of pre-qualification for builders is that it streamlines the writing specifications and verification of compliance with the standard.   The benefit for a manufacturer is demonstration of product benefits.  This presentation will describe the pre-qualification process and the technical data needed for validation.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Technical Paper Session 2
IEA Annex 61 Deep Energy Retrofit, Part 1: International Energy Efficiency

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Honorable Katherine G. Hammack, U.S. Army
This session covers studies that investigate energy retrofits from around the globe. International Energy Agency’s Energy Conservation in Buildings and Communities Program’s (IEC ECBC’s) Annex 61 hopes to reduce energy consumption in these renovations by 50%. Learn how engineers are accomplishing this aggressive reduction.

1  Core Bundles of Technologies to Achieve Deep Energy Retrofit with Major Building Renovation Projects in Europe, the United States and China (OR-16-003)

Alexander M. Zhivov, Ph.D., US Army Corps of Engineers
Richard Liesen, Ph.D., Engineer Research & Development Center
Rüdiger Lohse, Ph.D., Leiter Contracting
Ove C. Moerck, Ph.D., Cenergia Energy Consultants
As a result of numerous pilot projects conducted all over the world, it was demonstrated that energy use reduction in commercial and public buildings can been reduced by more than 50% after renovation, and that some renovated buildings have met the Passive House Institute energy efficiency standard or even Net Zero energy state [1].  This paper summarizes the results of these studies. To evaluate cost effectiveness of deep energy retrofit (DER) using “core technologies” bundle, compared to typical building renovation based on minimum energy requirements, the paper proposes the use of net present value (NPV) of the difference in energy savings to estimate the budget increase limit. Since most of parameters required for LCC analysis differ not only by the individual country but also within the country (first costs and labor rates, energy rates, life of the project, inflation and discount rates, etc.), the concept of Scalar Ratio [8] is used to calculate limitations in renovation budget increase.

2  A Parametric Study of Energy Efficiency Measures Used in Deep Energy Retrofits for Two Building Types and U.S. Climate Zones (OR-16-004)

Michael Case, Ph.D., US Army Corps of Engineers
Richard Liesen, Ph.D., US Army Corps of Engineers
Alexander M. Zhivov, Ph.D., US Army Corps of Engineers
Michael Zhivov, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
This paper presents the results of computational modeling analysis conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center team of two categories of buildings with relatively low internal loads in 15 U.S. climates using the Net Zero Planner tool. This tool enabled simultaneous simulation of multiple building types and multiple technology bundles of energy efficiency measures in different climate zones. This research supported development of requirements for building envelope characteristics for DER projects. Information presented in the paper along with results of similar studies conducted in Denmark, Estonia, Austria, Germany, China, and UK [2,3,4] for their nation-specific climate conditions have been used to develop general guidelines for technology bundles to be used in DER projects [5].

3  The Economic Challenges of Deep Energy Renovation: Differences, Similarities and Possible Solutions in Northern EuropeEstonia and Denmark (OR-16-005)

Jorgen Rose, Danish Building Research Institute
Kalle Kuusk, Tallinn University of Technology
Kirsten Engelund Thomsen, CEng, Danish Building Research Institute, AAU
Targo Kalamees, Ph.D., Tallinn University of Technology
Ove Mørck, Cenergia Energy Consultants
International Energy Agency’s Energy in Buildings and Communities Program Annex 61 focuses on developing and demonstrating financial and technical concepts for deep energy retrofits of public buildings. A first and important step to define the methodology is to examine the economic aspects of deep energy retrofits in each of the participating countries. Estonia, Germany, Canada, Austria and Denmark have conducted a series of simulations in order to determine the economic conditions in the renovation of a pre- 1980s building. The analysis shows how deep renovation solutions and economic conditions differ from country to country and emphasizes the individual economic challenges of deep energy renovation. The analysis will be used in developing and demonstrating new and alternative funding mechanisms for a deep renovation project. This paper describes results for northern Europe, i.e. Estonia and Denmark.

4  The Economic Challenges of Deep Energy Renovation: Differences, Similarities and Possible Solutions in Central EuropeAustria and Germany (OR-16-006)

Ruediger Lohse, P.Eng., KEA - Energy Services
Heimo Staller, AEE INTEC
Martina Riel, KEA - Energy Services
Within EBC Annex 61: Business and Technical Concepts for Deep Energy Retrofit of Public Buildings are developed to increase pace and quality of DER projects in the public sector. Subtask A targets is to assess accomplished DER projects to define find optimized bundles both from energy efficiency and economical perspective in each of the participating countries. Based on general assumptions defined by the Annex 61 team, modeling studies for different types of buildings and different climate zones have been done. The paper describes the base lining and modeling process, the economic assumptions made for energy prizes, maintenance and other operating costs and consider the investment costs, the cost optimization process and the carbon footprint of the scenarios. The measure bundles resulting from the modeling are described.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 6
Cooling Tower Filtration and Water Treatment

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jon Cohen, ChemTreat, Inc.
Water treatment approaches differ for each building owner based on his or her facility staff, incoming water quality, filtration system and outdoor environment. Do you choose to use chemicals or do you choose the non-chemical route? This session covers the different types of water treatment and their impact on the system operation and maintenance so that engineers can select the best approach for their designs.

1  Demonstration of Chemical and Non-Chemical Cooling Water Treatment Principles and Performance (OR-16-C018)

Henry A. Becker, H-O-H Water Technology, Inc.
Jon Cohen, ChemTreat, Inc.
Sean Parmelee, University of Illinois Chicago, H-O-H Water Technology, Inc.
A major concern in the operation of cooling tower systems is the prevention of scale on heat transfer and evaporative surfaces. The process by which scale forms is not often clear or well explained, and the means by which scaling may be controlled is commonly not explained to any significant degree. This paper attempts to outline the mechanisms of scale formation, discuss chemically based and non-chemically based strategies for scale control, provide real-time instrumental data illustrating the effectiveness of both chemical and non-chemical control and then discuss the basic requirements for successful implementation of each strategy given the many chemical, physical and operational variables generally associated with cooling tower operation. Each strategy has its advantages and diadvantages and no one strategy is well suited under all circumstances. It is hoped that this paper will help clear up some of the misconceptions concerning chemical and non-chemical cooling water treatment and promote more meaningful and informed discussion during the treatment strategy selection process.

2  Filtration Selection for Cooling Tower Water (OR-16-C019)

Allyn Troisi, LAKOS Separators and Filtration Solutions
Tom Warnert, Claude Laval Corporation – Lakos
Prashant Joshi, Claude Laval Corporation – Lakos
HVAC water systems (cooling tower/condenser water) are frequently operated without filtrationleading to reduced efficiency. Filtration selection for cooling tower water is accomplished by determining the type of solids present in the water, water quality requirements, physical space availability, weighing the pros and cons of the various filtration options and budget constraints. Selecting the wrong type of filtration is akin to taking vitamins for pain relief: good product but wrong application. This paper compares the differences between barrier and non-barrier filtration options and when to apply each option. Either type of filtration, when correctly applied, assists HVAC equipment to operate at design efficiency.

3  The Debate Is Over: Physical Water Treatment Meets the Demands of Modern Water Treatment Deliverables (OR-16-C020)

Michael P. Patton, Griswold Water Systems
Awareness of non-chemical processes and the successes of various technological solutions to common water treatment problems are now well established. Despite detractors, non-chemical and physical water treatment products continue to make their mark by providing results that meet and exceed water treatment industry standards. Although initially propelled by the greening of the built environment, physical water treatment now stands as a viable alternative to traditional chemical programs. The debate over whether these technologies work is over, with the new discussions centered around when and how to apply them. With technological progress and continued innovation, these once-experimental technologies have given birth to experienced and proven methodologies. This paper covers the history of various technologies and examines the plusses and minuses of each class of non-chemical water treatment. It illustrates how the latest advancement improves on pulsed power and in combination with advanced suspended solids management provides unmatched savings of water and energy, while matching or exceeding the performance metrics of modern water treatment deliverables.

4  The Great Debate between Non-Chemical Devices and Chemicals: What Program Can Meet Water Treatment Performance Standards? Chemical Treatment, Of Course! (OR-16-C021)

Helen R. Cerra, ChemTreat, Inc.
The debate continues between the use of non-chemical water treatment devices and chemical water treatment for treating cooling water systems. The goals of any cooling water treatment program are to protect against corrosion, deposition and microbiological fouling. This paper presents the chemical water treatment method to accomplish the best performance standards. In doing so, the authors critique both and highlight the benefits of chemical water treatment. The authors present results of trials where both technologies have been used to treat cooling water and discuss the methodologies behind each technology. Many providers promote “green,” “safe” and “economical” as the reason to use a certain technology. Many users select their appropriate method of treatment based on these same factors. What factors should determine the type of treatment? When we define success, we can determine the best method to achieve it.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 14
First Time at an ASHRAE Conference and Meeting

Fundamentals and Applications
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jennifer E. Leach, P.E., Cummins-Wagner Co, Inc.
Technical Committee: Conferences and Expositions Committee
First time at an ASHRAE Conference? Did you know there is an ASHRAE meeting, too? Been coming for years, but still confused? What is a TC? What is a Standing Committee? Who can attend what? What is the AHR Expo? And why is all this happening at once? This crash course provides you with an introduction to the ASHRAE Conference activities and allows you to have your questions answered.

1  The Ins and Outs of ASHRAE

Chris Gray, Ph.D., P.E., Southern Company
Many of you may be familiar with ASHRAE at the Chapter level. This seminar covers the structure of the Society from committees to councils and everything in between. We love our acronyms and when we’re done, you’ll finally know what they all mean and how you can get involved.

2  Make the Most of Your Conference Experience

Frank Rivera, P.E., Mechanical Heating Supply
Now that you’ve got your bearings and know the difference between a TC and a TG, this seminar tells you about the softer side of ASHRAE. You’ll find out what social events you shouldn’t miss and how to make the most of your conference experience.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 15
Acoustics in Multi-Family Residential Environments

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Chris Papadimos, Papadimos Group
Technical Committee: 02.06 Sound and Vibration Control
Proper acoustics for multifamily residential projects are important to address and typically required for compliance with building codes. Achieving a suitable acoustic environment requires an integrated approach and encompasses various aspects of the design and construction process. This seminar covers the key focus areas, such as sound isolation from exterior to interior and between units, noise control for mechanical and plumbing systems, and includes case studies with lessons learned and the latest industry trends.

1  Plumbing Noise Control Essentials for Multi-Family Residences

Roman Wowk, Papadimos Group
Plumbing noise is a common complaint in residential settings and difficult to correct after construction since remediation often involves tearing out walls, floors and ceilings. Despite the obvious potential for impact between occupancies, plumbing noise is largely ignored by building code and consequently receives limited priority during design and construction. While appropriate solutions are widely available, successful outcomes require coordination between multiple disciplines and trades in order to maintain cost effectiveness without unacceptable risk. This presentation will emphasize the practical side of plumbing noise control and cover key essentials to help design and construction professionals better avoid plumbing noise problems.

2  Sound Isolation Between Multi-Family Units

Matthew T. Murello, P.E., Lewis S. Goodfriend & Associates
The presentation will discuss the modern construction materials and techniques that lead to good sound isolation in multi-family residential developments. Theoretical, lab and real-world tested sound and impact isolation data will be presented for various construction elements and partition configurations. Examples of construction challenges that result in less than optimal sound isolation also will be presented.

3  Using and Understanding AHRI 275: Application of Outdoor Equipment Sound Ratings

Erik Miller-Klein, P.E., SSA Acoustics, LLP
This session provides an in-depth look at AHRI 275: Application of Outdoor Unitary Equipment A-Weighted Sound Power Ratings.  This looks at sound propagation from rooftop and ground mounted units, the effectiveness and installation of noise barriers, and issues that arise with wall installations.  This session provides a summary for design-build engineers, contractors, and mechanical engineers that need to do basic radiated sound estimates.

4  Ensuring Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery Systems Are Quiet

Jason Swan, Sandy Brown Associates, LLP
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems, provide a controllable method of ventilating dwellings while delivering energy savings. They are particularly useful for ventilating homes in noisy areas or high-rise buildings where open windows are not workable. However, they can be a source of noise, particularly if they are not located and installed carefully. Drawing on a range of large residential projects, laboratory testing and on-site measurements, this session will present the acoustic advantages and pitfalls with their use, and will give real advice to engineers, architects and contractors on how to specify and configure these systems for quiet operation.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 16
Making the Commercialization of Low-GWP Refrigerants a Reality

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Edward Hessell, Ph.D., Chemtura Corporation
Technical Committee: 03.04 Lubrication
Sponsor: TC 3.3, MTG.LOW GWP
CoSponsor: 03.02 Refrigerant System Chemistry
The transition to lower global warming potential refrigerants such as HFOs, carbon dioxide and propane creates a number of design and operational challenges to compressor and system builders. Lubrication is one of the fundamental issues that must be addressed for any refrigerant change. This seminar presents examples of the lubrication challenges faced by the industry from three different perspectives; the compressor/system builder, the refrigerant manufacturer and the lubricant manufacturer. Examples are presented of strategies used to ensure that the transition to low GWP refrigerants results in refrigeration systems with the best possible properties of energy efficiency and long term reliability.

1  Energy Efficiency Performance of New Low-GWP Replacements for R-404A as a Function of Lubricant Structure and Refrigerant/Lubricant Properties in a Commercial Refrigeration Unit

Laurent Abbas, Ph.D., Arkema, Inc.
Lubricants optimized for R-404A refrigerant may not be the best choice for the new low GWP alternatives. In this study, selected low GWP alternative refrigerants to R-404A are evaluated with several synthetic POE lubricants of systematically varied chemical structure and correspondingly varied compatibility with these refrigerants. The results of laboratory and full system tests are correlated to the measured thermo-physical properties and miscibility of the refrigerant/POE mixtures. Combining the property information with full system test data allow for analysis of the impact of refrigerant-lubricant mixture properties on system performance.

2  Lubricants for Low GWP Refrigerants: Still Slippery on Both Sides

Joseph A. Karnaz, CPI Fluid Engineering/Lubrizol
The commercial transition to low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants that can benefit environmental impact does not preclude the need to consider the interactions/stability  between the lubricant and refrigerant.  Dealing with some low GWP refrigerants, it becomes even more essential to investigate and understand these interactions due to potential property differences these refrigerants have over refrigerants used today.  This presentation will outline key interactions that need to be studied along with examples of lubricant options for some low GWP refrigerant candidates.  Low GWP refrigerants based on various natural and synthetic chemistries will be assessed.

3  Challenges for Equipment Manufacturers in Adopting Low-GWP Refrigerants

Stephen Kujak, Trane, Ingersoll Rand
Low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants have been studied by the HVAC&R industry extensively with limited success in finding optimal design compatible replacements for all product segments. New ultra low GWP olefin refrigerants such as HFOs are being considered by themselves or blended with traditional refrigerants to optimize design attributes for equipment manufacturers, but there can be compromises that develop in other design attributes.  This presentation will provide a summary of the design trade-offs when considering new refrigerants and the product differences associated with new lower GWP refrigerant products that are being introduced by the HVAC&R industry.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 17
Integrating ASHRAE Standard 189.1 and IgCC Compliance Requirements: Options and Issues

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Gas Technology Institute
Technical Committee: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
By agreement with ICC, ASHRAE Standard 189.1 provides the technical content of the next version of the International Green Construction Code. IgCC and Standard 189.1 have many similar provisions but also have major differences in some of the compliance requirements and calculation methodologies. This seminar provides an overview of the agreement between ICC and ASHRAE and its implications for future revisions to Standard 189.1. Key differences in the energy performance requirements between IgCC and Standard 189.1 are reviewed, along with options for updates to energy performance provisions within Standard 189.1.

1  Overview of the 189.1/IgCC Alignment: Who's Doing What

Andrew Persily, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
Lawrence Schoen, P.E., Schoen Engineering Inc
In order to increase the impact of Standard 189.1, the IgCC and LEED, an MOU was signed in 2014 by AIA, ASHRAE, ICC, IES and USGBC to align these three efforts. Since then, these organizations have been working to implement the MOU. At the same time, the Standard 189.1 committee has been revising the 2014 standard to reflect new technical information, including the consideration of approaches used in the IgCC that are different from those in 189.1. This presentation will clarify what these organizations have agreed to and how the 189.1 committee is working to support that agreement.

2  ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2014 Energy Cost and Greenhouse Gas Emission Performance Requirements and Rationale

Molly McGuire, P.E., Jones Lang LaSalle
Charles Eley, P.E., Eley Consulting
Standard 189.1 energy performance compliance requirements include energy cost performance and CO2 emissions compared to a baseline building using energy modeling rules and other underlying assumptions.  This approach was intended to account for the economic interests of the owner as well as the environmental impact of the proposed building while being sensitive to local conditions and building characteristics.  This presentation will review the underlying assumptions, key variables and metrics, and rationale for selection of performance requirements that differ from those in the 2015 version of IgCC.

3  IgCC Source Energy and GHG Emissions Performance Requirements and Rationale

Richard C. Morgan, South-central Partnership for Energy Efficiency as a Resource
The IgCC Sustainable Building Technology Committee concluded that the needs of the environment, the jurisdictions adopting the IgCC, building owners and design teams would be best served by a methodology for calculating building energy use that, as closely as possible, reflected the actual energy use of the building and the emissions resulting from that energy use. This presentation will discuss the process and rationale that led IgCC to adopt the zEPI scalar as the energy efficiency compliance metric and calculate source energy and regional emissions based on the EPA e-GRID database of power generation environmental characteristics.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 18
Integrating Cutting-Edge Technology: Renewable Energy and Thermal Energy Storage

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Geoffrey C. Bares, P.E., CB&I
Technical Committee: 06.09 Thermal Storage
Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar continue to increase their share of the national electrical power supply. The variable nature of energy production from renewables has made electrical grid stability a critical issue, with energy storage identified as a key part of the solution. Find out how mature and reliable thermal energy storage technologies can facilitate the fast-evolving integration of renewables into our energy supply, to the benefit of both building owners and power suppliers.

1  Distributed Energy Storage: How It Increases the Value of Renewables

Mark MacCracken, P.E., CALMAC Corp
Renewables integration into the electric grid was relatively inconsequential when the percentage was small.  With the penetration of solar PV and wind growing, the impacts of unpredictable availability are starting to show and the need for storage on both sides of the electric meter is becoming very apparent. A situational overview and a few case studies will be shared.

2  The Challenge of Intermittent Renewable Energy: Comparing Energy Storage Options and Exploring TES Solutions

John S. Andrepont, The Cool Solutions Company
This presentation provides an overview of the impact of intermittent renewable energy technologies (notably solar and, especially, wind power) on the electric power grid.  Multi-hour energy storage (ES) technology options are described; and their technical and economical characteristics are compared.  The use of cool thermal energy storage (TES), in both demand-side (electricity user) and supply-side (electric utility generator) applications, is examined, with performance and economic results highlighted.  Examples illustrate the varied means by which TES can expand the use of renewable energy resources.

3  Impacts of Increasing Penetration of Renewable Energy Generation and Opportunity for Increased Use of TES

Douglas Reindl, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wisconsin-Madison
The demand for electricity in many locations is strongly driven by building air conditioning systems, which experience their peak in the afternoon period during hot humid days.  It seems reasonable to assume that utilities would benefit from increased renewable energy deployment to meet electric loads from air conditioning because solar energy output is high when air conditioning demands are high.  This presentation explores this thesis in more depth and describes why renewable energy technologies alone cannot cost-effectively meet utility loads.  Thermal energy storage is shelf-ready technology that will be instrumental in shifting electric loads from air conditioning to periods of time when renewable energy is available.

4  Grid-Interactive Electric Thermal Storage: Linking Thermal Energy Storage to Real-Time Grid Needs

Paul Steffes, P.E., Steffes
Grid-interactive electric thermal storage (GETS) space and water heaters have an innovative communication and control system, when aggregated; provide ISO’s, utilities and aggregators the ability to precisely vary consumer energy usage to the real-time needs of the electric grid.  With rapidly growing amounts of renewable energy, aggregated GETS systems with real time control are a low cost energy storage solution that provide precise visibility, measurement and controllability for these aggregated energy storage assets. This system of grid-edge storage provides electric grid managers the ability to integrate, manage and fully utilize renewable energy generation.

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 19
Standards Application: Legionella in Building Water Systems

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Erica Stewart, Kaiser Permanente National EH&S
Technical Committee: Environmental Health Committee
Sponsor: SSPC188
CoSponsor: 09.06 Healthcare Facilities
This seminar presents three aspects of implementing a water management plan in health-care operations, from the facility manager and infection preventionist's point of view. In healthcare organizations the water management team is a multidisciplinary group whose differing roles and responsibilities are critical to successful implementation of a plan. A roundtable discussion of the challenges and successes of implementing a plan that follows ASHRAE Standard 188P follows a brief introduction of each area of expertise.

1  The Facility Manager Perspective

John D'Angelo, P.E., Northwestern University
Healthcare facilities managers are already required under the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Conditions of Participation to identify and manage all facilities related risks to patients and staff.  Many facilities have already adopted an “all hazards” approach that uses an interdisciplinary team to identify and categorize risks from a probability and severity perspective, and to manage those risks deemed most critical through appropriate mitigation strategies.  Development of a risk matrix and a mitigation prioritization strategy will be discussed.  Additionally, resource requirements and the methodology to demonstrate compliance to activities having jurisdiction will be described.

2  The Infection Preventionist Perspective

Linda Dickey, University of California at Irvine
Infection prevention programs provide internal expertise to assist in preventing the spread of infection within health care facilities among patients, staff and visitors.  Examples of Legionella outbreaks associated with health care will be provided to illustrate potential risk factors within these settings.  To provide a broader perspective beyond Legionella on causative pathogens for health care associated infections (HAIs), the current incidence of HAIs in the U.S. will be described.  An illustration of how the risk assessment process and water management plan outlined in Standard 188 may assist health care organizations in prospectively preventing infection occurrence also will be discussed.

3  The Industrial Hygienist Perspective

Megan Canright, Forensic Analytical Consulting Services
It is a common misconception that the expertise of the industrial hygienist (IH) on a water management team is solely to collect environmental data. The education, training and experience of the IH places him/her in a unique position to contribute to the design of the risk assessment process and sampling plans, and assist in the identification, implementation, and evaluation of control measures. The presenter will provide a review of considerations for all phases of the risk assessment process including design, implementation, interpretation, and control. “Lessons learned” will be presented using examples from water risk assessments in actual healthcare settings.

3:15 PM-4:45 PM
Seminar 20
Highlights from the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Van D. Baxter, P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Technical Committee: Refrigeration Committee
Sponsor: U. S. National Committee for the IIR (USNC/IIR); 3.1; 8.11; 10.7
CoSponsor: 02.05 Global Climate Change
The seminar's goal is to bring to ASHRAE members the technical highlights of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held August 16-22, 2015 in Yokohama, Japan. The seminar starts with an overview of the Congress program. This is followed by three keynotes from the Congress dealing with latest issues/developments related to low-GWP refrigerants, microchannel heat exchangers and heat pumps in smart energy systems.

1  Overview of the 24th IIR Congress

Piotr Domanski, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
The IIR Congress is organized every four years and gathers refrigeration researchers from all over the world. The 24th Congress program included over 700 talks in 122 technical sessions and 14 workshops covering technologies from low-temperature liquefaction to refrigerated storage to heat pumping and energy recovery. Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumping topics dominated. The presentation highlights the latest research and engineering results, and coinciding and diverging technical opinions.  The audience will learn about the state of the art of these technologies and promising technical solutions for ‘improving the quality of life while preserving the earth.'

2  Hitting the Bounds of Chemistry: Limits and Tradeoff for Low-GWP Refrigerants

Mark O. McLinden, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
We explore possible low-GWP refrigerants by defining optimal thermodynamic properties and comparing those to properties estimated for a database of millions of compounds. We find that the optimal characteristics are quite rare; additional fluids are eliminated because they are unstable or toxic. We then estimate the cycle performance of the remaining candidates and apply efficiency as an additional screening criterion. The result is a handful of low-GWP candidates, and even these present tradeoffs. We argue that these represent all the viable candidates for single-component, medium- and high-pressure refrigerants—in other words, we have hit the limits of what chemistry allows.

3  New Developments in Microchannel Heat Exchangers

Pega Hrnjak, Ph.D., University of Illinois, ACRC and CTS
Over last twenty years microchannel heat exchangers (MHX) have dramatically increased their presence in energy conversion systems: from aircraft and automotive applications and expanding to residential and industrial refrigeration and air-conditioning. This presentation presents major issues impacting application of MHX as evaporators: 1) condensate retention/removal, 2) frosting/defrosting and 3) refrigerant distribution.  The physics of the issues are discussed along with directions for mitigating them. Particular attention is given to refrigerant distribution and potential of Flash Gas Bypass to improve it.  In addition, quantification of vapor flow reversal in MHX tubes is presented along with system improvements obtained by its removal.

4  The Role of Heat Pumps in Smart Energy Systems

Per Lundqvist, Ph.D., P.E., KTH, The Royal Institute of Technology
It seems to be clear that heat pumps have a unique role in the energy system of the future. Barely any other energy technology can provide net primary energy savings, economic benefits to the users and reduced climate impact at the same time. The benefit of heat pumps are achieved in several ways; by system integration capabilities tying together different parts of an energy system for enhanced overall energy efficiency, by storage of heat to offset peaks and, if efficient enough, providing the most efficient way to heat buildings from a net primary energy perspective.

Monday, January 25, 2016

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 7
Fine and Ultrafine Particle Filtration

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Calina Ferraro, P.E., Randall Lamb Associates, Inc.
Many people spend a significant amount of time indoors, either at home or in an office environment. The filters in the HVAC systems may not capture the finer particles, which could lead to increased levels of respiratory and cardiovascular distress. The papers in this session look at different methods of filtration and controls in office buildings located in the United States and China.

2  Evaluating Economizer Use in Particulate Air Pollution in Office Buildings in Multi-Million Cities (OR-16-C023)

Shiyu Rao, Pennsylvania State University
Donghyun Rim, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
Ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution is critical to human health and well-being given the association of urban air pollution with increased respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. For urban office buildings in big cities, use of economizers has dramatically increased recently for energy saving and ventilation purposes. The objective of this paper is to examine outdoor-indoor transports of ozone and PM2.5 (particles < 2.5 micron in diameter) for urban office buildings considering economizer operating modes. This study employs multi-zone contaminant transport model for prediction of outdoor-indoor pollutant dynamics in two cities: Los Angeles and Beijing. The model simulates an infiltration of ambient ozone, PM2.5 (< 2.5 micron), into a DOE reference building (medium office) based on outdoor climate condition, outdoor intake and filtration efficiency. Seasonal variations are also considered to capture the influences of high ozone levels during the summer in LA and elevated particle concentrations during the spring season in Beijing.

3  Modeling the Impact of Residential HVAC Filtration on Indoor Particles of Outdoor Origin (OR-16-C024)

Parham Azimi, Illinois Institute of Technology
Dan Zhao, Illinois Institute of Technology
Brent Stephens, Illinois Institute of Technology
Exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5: particles < 2.5 μm in diameter) and ultrafine particles (UFPs: particles < 100 nm in diameter) has adverse effects on human health. Residential buildings greatly impact human exposure to outdoor particles because people spend more than 90% of their time indoors (and much of that time at home) and outdoor particles can infiltrate through building envelopes and mechanical ventilation systems with varying efficiencies. This paper will model the impact of various combinations of central forced air HVAC filtration and mechanical ventilation systems on indoor concentrations of fine and ultrafine particles of outdoor origin in three types of residential buildings (i.e., older, existing and new homes).

4  Characterizing the in-Situ Size-Resolved Removal Efficiency of Residential and Light-Commercial HVAC Filters for Particle Sizes Between 0.01 and 10 µm (OR-16-C025)

Torkan Fazli, Illinois Institute of Technology
Brent Stephens, Illinois Institute of Technology
Exposure to airborne particulate matter is connected with adverse human health effects. The majority of human exposure to airborne particles occurs inside buildings. In order to improve indoor air quality by reducing indoor particle concentrations, high efficiency particle filters installed in central forced air heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are being used. ASHRAE Standard 52.2 relies on a method of laboratory testing to measure the performance of general ventilation air-cleaning devices to assist end-users in their selection of appropriate air filtration products to increase living or working environmental quality. In this project, an in-situ test method is used to measure the particle removal efficiency of a wide range of commercially available filters in 28 particle size ranges from 0.01-10 µm in diameter.

5  Fouling of Membrane-Based Energy Recovery Ventilators by Aerosols (OR-16-C026)

Amin Engarnevis, University of British Columbia
Ryan Huizing, P.Eng., dPoint Technologies
Ali Vaseghi, British Columbia Institute of Technology
Sheldon Green, Ph.D., P.E., University of British Columbia
Steven Rogak, Ph.D., P.E., University of British Columbia
Membrane-based energy recovery ventilators (ERV) are an effective means of reducing energy cost and allow for scaling down HVAC equipment. Owing to their compact geometry and rough surfaces of the porous membrane substrate, ERV exchanger cores can be fouled by airborne particulate matter. In this study, the influence of particulate fouling on the membrane-based ERVs was investigated via accelerated material- and core-level fouling experiments.  The core-level experiments, inside an aerosol wind tunnel (AWT), investigated the effect of dust accumulation on the performance of cross-flow cores (including sensible and latent effectiveness, and pressure drop) through comparing pre- and post-fouling performance tests of two core samples. The influence of the membrane surface exposed to particle-laden air, and working airflow rates were considered during AWT tests.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 21
Demand Response Using Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Harshal Upadhye, Electric Power Research Institute
Technical Committee: 08.07 Variable Refrigerant Flow
Demand response (DR) is defined as changes in electric usage from their normal patterns for the benefit of electrical grid in lieu of financial incentives by utility companies. Traditional DR mostly turns off the HVAC system completely or changes thermostats settings. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems with their superior controls on compressors, fans and expansion valves can provide the kW reduction with minimal impact on customer comfort. This seminar provides an overview of DR capabilities of VRF systems and the benefits of providing DR with such systems.

1  How VRF Systems Can Help the Integrated Grid

Ron Domitrovic, Ph.D., Electric Power Research Institute
This presentation will focus on the high level need for HVAC equipment, particularly VRF systems,  to participate in activities like demand response and help the grid operators manage the increasingly complex integrated grid.  With numerous new energy sources coming online at a rapid pace, like solar and wind, managing the elctric grid has become a significant challenge.  This presentation will set the stage for the remaning three presenters by elaborating on challenges.

2  Potential for Demand Response Using VRF Systems

Bach Tsan, P.E., Southern California Edison
Southern California Edision (SCE) has many HVAC demand response programs. VRF systems offer interesting alternatives that traditional HVAC systems cannot offer.  This presentation focuses on the potential based on conditions in California mainly from a program standpoint considering installed tonnage and various services offered by the VRF systems.  An aggregated approach , i.e. collecting all VRF systems together as a single load will also be discussed.

3  For Demand Response, VRF Is More Than On or Off

Paul Doppel, Mitsubishi Electric
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are primarily associated with energy efficiency (EE) and superior customer comfort. The higher energy efficiency is achieved by utilizing variable speed compressors, modulating fans, electronic expansion valves and multitude of refrigerant management features. VRF systems, with their modulating components, onboard instrumentation and communications capabilities, are great candidates for implementing both EE and DR at the same time. This talk highlights the features of one of the manufacturers technical capabilities and how the existing features can be utilized to provide unparallel customer comfort as well as grid services to further improve reliability of our electrical grid.

4  VRF Demand Response: Review of Global Case Studies and Results and Future Opportunities

Chris Bellshaw, Daikin
Variable refrigerant flow systems are perfect candidates for providing energy efficiency and demand response at the same time.  This talk will elaborate on some existing DR enabled installations around the world including the US. Data gathered from various sites will be used to showcase the capabilities of the VRF systems for providing DR.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 22
Innovative Design, Materials and Manufacturing Techniques for Heat/Mass Exchangers

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Technical Committee: 01.03 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
CoSponsor: 08.04 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment
Recent innovations in heat and mass transfer equipment result in continued improvement in the tradeoff between pumping power and heat transfer augmentation. However, such designs require advanced manufacturing techniques, such as additive manufacturing. The major limiting factors of the additive manufacturing are the low thermal conductivity of the metal used, feature size resolution of 150 micron or more, and build time. In this seminar, internationally renowned experts present their activities through CFD modeling, shape optimization, additive manufacturing of surfaces with disruptively high airside heat transfer coefficients with low pumping power penalties, and additively manufactured heat pipes.

1  Numerical Study on Air-Side Performance for Round, Oval and Flat Tube Heat Exchangers with a Different Configuration of Fins

Man-Hoe Kim, Ph.D., Kyungpook National University
This seminar presents numerical investigation of air-side heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for several different fin-tube type heat exchangers. Three different types of tube geometry and four different fins are considered. The CFD analysis is conducted by using commercially available software (ANSYS Fluent 6.3) for Reynolds number range of 35 -200, with the corresponding face velocity range of 0.3-2.0 m/s.  After verifications of CFD results using available experimental data, a series of parametric study for design parameters of fin geometry has been conducted. The CFD results are reported in terms of Colburn j- and Fanning friction f-factors.

2  Tube Shape Optimization for Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers

Vikrant Aute, Ph.D., University of Maryland
It is well known that in heat exchangers for HVAC&R applications, the air-side is the dominant resistance. Significant effort has been devoted to improving the heat transfer performance of air-side surfaces. Conventional heat exchangers use round tubes or flat tubes but other shapes are seldom explored. In this seminar, an approach for shape optimization is presented that allows for full topology optimization of the heat exchanger tube for a given application. A prototype is fabricated using 3D Metal Printing technique and its performance is measured in the laboratory. The comparison of predicted vs. measured performance is presented and conclusions drawn.

3  Impact of Additive Manufacturing on Next Generation Thermal Management Systems

Michael M. Ohadi, Ph.D., University of Maryland
Increased pumping power penalty and manufacturing costs are among the major limiting factors for further enhancement of heat transfer coefficients for single phase and phase change processes.  To develop next generation heat/mass exchangers that have better overall performance and can meet size, weight, and pumping power constraints while being cost affordable, one needs to utilize innovative designs, materials and manufacturing techniques. In this presentation we will review progress achieved in Phase I of a government-sponsored project in which a team of collaborators from academia, industry and sponsoring government agency achieved new levels of heat transfer performance on the air side.

4  Additively Manufactured Heat Pipes

Patrick Geoghegan, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
The majority of metal 3D printing machines use low thermal conductivity raw materials such as titanium alloys, cobalt chrome alloys and steel alloys. Thus any parts built will have limited heat transfer capabilities unless action is taken to deliberately enhance this characteristic. One such action is to embed heat pipes into the part as it is being built. This talk introduces a number of additively manufactured heat pipes designs and compares their performance to off-the-shelf units.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 23
Metrics Matter: How Should We Judge Energy Performance?

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Richard Sweetser, Exergy Partners Corp.
Technical Committee: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
Sponsor: Residential Buildings Committee
CoSponsor: 01.10 Cogeneration Systems
Determining a building's energy performance for benchmarking, code compliance and investment decisions is extremely complicated. The choice of metric, methodology and values all matter if the primary intent of the initiative is to be achieved equitably in a competitive marketplace. This seminar compares and contrasts different metrics and approaches used by ASHRAE and other organizations, including metrics based on end use loads, site energy, energy cost, primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Benefits and challenges with each metric are explored, and options for reconciling differences among the metrics are examined.

1  Site Energy-Based Metrics Are Useful and Easy to Use

Keith Dennis, P.E., National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Site energy is a useful metric for a variety of purposes in examining building energy performance.  It is the only metric that is measured directly at the building, and therefore provides an easy way to calculate energy consumption and evaluate the impact of changes in energy consumption associated with more efficient equipment.  This presentation will illustrate the use of the site energy metric in Standard 100-2015, and describe its value in determining building energy performance.

2  One Metric May Not Be Enough, but Some Are Better Than Others

David Goldstein, Natural Resources Defense Council
When trying to judge a building's energy performance considering both economic and environmental factors, one metric may no longer be sufficient.  It may be more useful to consider multiple complementary metrics, while finding a metric that provides a good compromise solution for many purposes today.  This presentation will hypothesize why the TDV and emissions metrics may be the most useful over time for societally beneficial decisions.  In the meantime, the use of a metric such as normalized modified end use loads may provide a good enough compromise to satisfy competing stakeholders in the residential marketplace.

3  Primary Energy, Energy Cost, and GHG Emissions All Make Sense

Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Gas Technology Institute
The choice of metric is critical when evaluating and comparing a mixed fuel building's energy performance with an all-electric building's energy performance, or for comparing competing energy investment options for new buildings and replacements.  This presentation will explore the benefits and limitations of different metrics that may be useful for such comparisons and decisions, including energy cost, primary energy, and environmental emissions metrics.  It will also provide an overview of different methodologies and values to implement these metrics to ensure the most equitable treatment of different competitive design and investment options.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 24
Back to Basics: The Science, Application and Art of Load Calculations

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Glenn Friedman, P.E., Taylor Engineering
Technical Committee: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
Science: New ASHRAE Load Calculations User’s Manual and the current overview of load calculations. Application: Zoning and load calculation basics—what do you do early in design when you don’t have all the answers? Art: Case studies, horror stories, what to watch for and odd-ball cases.

1  Science: New ASHRAE Load Calculations User's Manual and the Current Overview of Load Calculations

Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University
The ASHRAE Load Calculations Application Manual has been updated to include results from more than
four years of ASHRAE research. This presentation will give an overview of the state-of-the-art with an
emphasis on the new methods and data in the 2nd Edition of the Load Calculations Application Manual.

2  Application: Zoning and Load Calculation Basics: What Do You Do Early in Design When You Don't Have All the Answers

Larry Sun, P.E., tk1sc
Air conditioning system sizing is an important aspect of the early building design process.  Calculating cooling and heating loads can be challenging when all of the details regarding building construction and function are not well-defined.  Making reasonable decisions and assumptions in the schematic design phase of a project is critical to selecting and applying proper HVAC solutions.  This presentation will provide some guidance on these decisions and how they impact the building design process.

3  Art: Case Studies, Horror Stories, What to Watch for and Odd-Ball Cases

Steven F Bruning, P.E., Newcomb & Boyd
Load calculations require application of engineering judgment gained by experience, hard knocks and bullets dodged.   Understanding the impact of each assumption is key to reaching a reasonable result within time constraints of modern fast-track design processes.   Young engineers need to be able to recognize results that look unusual - and be able to backtrack and find their mistakes, not blindly use results because the computer says so.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 25
High Performance Residential Building Applications and Issues

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Lew Harriman, Mason Grant
Sponsor: Residential Buildings Committee
CoSponsor: 01.12 Moisture Management in Buildings
The energy efficiency levels of new homes built in the U.S. have improved significantly in the past decade with developments in building science and improved construction practices according to the United States Department of Energy (DOE). This seminar provides updated design guidance for energy-efficient homes from DOE's Building America program to achieve zero energy ready performance. It also explores issues with depressurization and humidity loads with tight, efficient envelopes, and the potential impact on gas appliances along with ventilation strategies for a healthy indoor environment.

1  Advanced Technologies from the Building America Program

Eric Werling, U.S. Department of Energy
Residential energy codes have rapidly advanced, and many builders offer “Net Zero Energy” or "Zero Energy Ready" homes.  But as homes get more efficient, risks of design and installation defects increase.  Increased insulation can elevate moisture risk inside wall assemblies. Increased air tightness can lead to IAQ problems without proper ventilation.  Lower envelope loads reduces HVAC system air flow and can lead to poor comfort control. Energy efficient homes must also be high performance homes. This presentation will describe innovative solutions for high performance homes and retrofits under U.S. DOE’s Building America program that minimize risks and maximize comfort.

2  Natural Gas Appliances Operating Under Depressurized Conditions in High Performance Houses: Issues and Solutions

Larry Brand, Gas Technology Institute
The energy-efficiency levels of new homes built in the U.S. has improved significantly in the past decade with developments in building science and improved construction practices according to the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The improvement in the building thermal envelope and several other factors can cause the house to operate intermittently at a negative pressure.  Natural gas appliances can vent properly at a negative pressure, but some appliances only operate within limits.  This presentation explores the operating limits and provides data on performance from recent laboratory testing of appliances under depressurized conditions.

3  Ventilation Strategies for High Performance Homes

Iain Walker, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Part of the energy performance increase in new homes and homes being retrofitted is due to reducing the air leakage through the building envelope. However, a high performance home should still have good indoor air quality and therefore requires ventilation to remove pollutants from individual sources, such as in kitchens and bathrooms, generated by occupants and their activities and from building materials and furnishings. This seminar will discuss how to apply ASHRAE 62.2 in high performance homes and show how to improve upon the basics required in the standard through selection of different ventilation approaches and equipment.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 26
Achieving Comfort and Energy Savings Using Desiccant Technologies

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Michael Sherber, P.Eng., SavageALERT, Inc.
Technical Committee: 08.12 Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components
The purpose of this session is to inform practitioners about the latest developments in desiccant technologies.

1  Achieving Comfort and Energy Savings with Desiccant Technologies

Mark Piegay, Alfa Laval - Kathabar
This seminar discusses the use of dry and liquid desiccant technologies and how to apply them creatively for the treatment of outside air.  This includes a design that utilizes a combination of cooling tower water, chilled water and hot water that modulates with the outside air loads to either cool or heat the liquid desiccant to provide dehumidification or humidification of the outside air. Then, waste heat or onsite power generation to regenerate the liquid desiccant solution. A comparison of the technologies will be presented and the opportunities for both to provide comfort and energy savings to meet ventilation codes.

2  Modeling and Design of Liquid Desiccant Heat Exchangers

Jason Woods, Ph.D., National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Liquid desiccant heat exchangers (LDHX) can improve the performance of many HVAC systems by replacing traditional finned-tube coils. Adding LDHX technology to a vapor compression system effectively raises the evaporator temperature, while still delivering dry air. It also enables separate control of sensible and latent cooling, ensuring occupant comfort in humid climates. This presentation will discuss (1) background on an innovative LDHX design, including a comparison to other liquid desiccant options, (2) modeling and laboratory testing of the LDHX modules, and (3) modeling of a 20-ton dedicated-outdoor air system using these LDHXs.

3  Designing Air Conditioners with Liquid Desiccant Heat Exchangers

Eric Kozubal, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Jason Woods, Ph.D., National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Air conditioners are made more energy efficient and can provide better humidity control by integrating liquid desiccant heat exchangers. This is the second demonstration of this particular liquid desiccant technology, with lessons learned from the first demonstration being applied to the second demonstration. The new system was completely re-designed from the ground up and has been reduced in size by over 50%. Furthermore, the new design reduces energy use by more than 33%, making the cooling cycle one of the most efficient options available today. This presentation will discuss the system’s new design, cycle improvements, and field test results.

4  Electricity-Producing Air Conditioners

Matthew Tilghman, Be Power Tech, Inc.
Generation of electricity and air conditioning, one as a byproduct of the other, has the potential to enhance energy efficiency in buildings. In this seminar the potential for integrating fuel cell power systems with liquid desiccant air-conditioning systems is presented. This seminar will point out mutually enhancing features of liquid desiccant and fuel cell systems; provide a state of technology review; and provide details on integrated system performance in various climate and integration conditions.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 27
The Drive to Regulate HFCs: A Patchwork of New Global HFC Rules

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Eric Sturm, Trane
Technical Committee: 02.05 Global Climate Change
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were introduced as replacements for ozone-depleting substances. The use of HFCs and their replacements are critical to ASHRAE members because they are used as refrigerants in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems. A global effort is underway to manage HFCs under the Montreal Protocol, but several regional programs have emerged that will affect the way consumers and firms select, purchase, use and service HFCs. This seminar provides an introduction to new HFC requirements in the U.S., Canada and Japan occurring in 2016. The framework and implementation of each program and its impacts to ASHRAE members are discussed.

1  The U.S. and Australia: A Comparison of Two Fluorocarbon Control Mechanisms

Julian de Bullet, deBullet Consulting LLC
Matthew Ritter, Arkema Inc
The U.S., joined by Canada and Mexico, have offered proposals to revise the Montreal Protocol to include a phase down of HFC refrigerants. It is believed that such an amendment would allow the orderly reduction of high GWP materials which are potentially negatively impacting climate change. In addition, Australia has implemented a GWP control mechanism that has since been rescinded. We will discuss and compare these two concepts.

2  HFC Regulation North of the Pine Curtain: Understanding the Proposed Canadian HFC Regulation

William McQuade, Johnson Controls, Inc.
In response to the U.S. EPA SNAP “De-listing” rule and in support of the North American Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) has released a proposed rule to gradually reduce HFC use in Canada over the next 20 years, and to disallow the use of specific HFCs for some applications that are important to the HVAC&R industry on a shorter term schedule.  This presentation will provide a summary of the proposed rule, examine the implications to certain product sectors and to the availability of refrigerants in the market place, and make comparisons to other HFC reduction schemes.

3  Japan’s Implementation of “the Act on Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons”

Osami Kataoka, Daikin Industries, Ltd.
The Japanese government is taking a bottom up approach to reduce HFC consumption in Japan that is opposite of the EU approach. This presentation will explain the merit of this approach. In addition, it introduces how Japanese HVAC&R related academia and industries are cooperating to respond to the new regulations. In Japan, implementation of lower GWP HFCs already started in mass production base from smaller products. The total sales of products with A2L refrigerants exceeded 5 million. The presentation will also include projected HFC consumption reduction impacts.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Technical Paper Session 3
Data Center Energy Performance Metrics

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Chuck Curlin, P.E., Shultz Engineering Group
Data center design has become more and more energy conscious over the recent years. What has been the impact to the airflow within the raised floor with regard to system performance (space, rack, fans, coils and more)? CFD models and actual field data show the predictability of airflow performance. In addition, the business case for sustainable data centers and what should be in that life cycle assessment are presented.

1  Measurement of Perforated Tile Airflow in Data Centers (OR-16-007)

James W. VanGilder, P.E., Schneider Electric
Zachary Pardey, Northeastern University
Christopher M. Healey, Ph.D., Schneider Electric
The cooling performance of a raised-floor data center is dominated by its ability to deliver adequate cooling airflow to IT equipment through perforated tiles. Although many studies have focused on the design of plenum systems and the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to predict tile airflow rates, very little has been published regarding accurately measuring airflows in existing facilities. We investigate the ability of a commercially-available passive flow hood to accurately measure data center tile airflow.

2  The Business Case for Sustainability in Data Centers (OR-16-008)

Robert Tozer, Ph.D., Operational Intelligence Ltd.
Energy efficiency has become increasing important in the data center industry, driven by rising energy prices, environmental legislation, corporate social responsibility pressures and competition. Energy efficiency is part of sustainability, however consideration of other aspects such as the embodied environmental impact of materials, components and systems are needed for a holistic view of sustainability. Life cycle assessment areas of protection may be defined as climate change, ecosystem quality, human health and resource depletion. The industry is starting to become more aware of these issues and developing metrics to quantify performance. This paper describes key data center sustainability issues and proposes how the industry should approach its environmental responsibilities in order to capitalize on the business opportunity as well as demonstrating sustainable leadership.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 8
Energy Efficiency Around the World

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Sheila Hayter, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
There are many regions of the world where local building codes, climatic zone variations, cultural differences and energy costs (to name but a few factors) do not lend themselves to easy adoption of ASHRAE standards. This session highlights some of these issues and provides ideas on how to make ASHRAE standards more inclusive.

1  A Systematic Approach to Meet Corporate Energy Efficiency Targets: A Case Study for Lighting Replacement in Saudi Arabia (OR-16-C027)

Ayman Youssef, P.E., Saudi Aramco
Moe Salem, Air2O Cooling, LLC
Faisal Al Musa, Saudi Aramco
This paper introduces a systematic approach to define a lighting replacement strategy that comprises the following: lighting type, location, efficacy, cost and service classification. The paper also presents an actual life-cycle cost example as a decision support tool to evaluate replacement cost effectiveness. Study results highlight the significant role lighting replacement can play to meet target energy consumption and reductions in CO2 emissions. The approach proposed in this paper can be adopted by organizations operating under similar environments that want to showcase their leadership in energy efficiency and environmental compliance.

2  Climate Zone Map Tool for Building Energy Code Compliance in Saudi Arabia (OR-16-C028)

Ayman Youssef, P.E., Saudi Aramco
Moe Salem, Air2O Cooling, LLC
Climate has a major impact on energy use in buildings, especially in Saudi Arabia. Due to the complexities of the Saudi Building Code, Energy Conservation Requirements (SBC-601) and the lack of a simple building science-based climate zone map for Saudi Arabia, neither builders nor designers have been able to demonstrate code compliance, and neither have the authorities having jurisdiction been able to mandate code enforcement properly.  As a result, 70% of Saudi Arabian homes are today, for example, not insulated, which results in the consumption of nearly 52% of electrical power generated. This study explains the details of how the above-mentioned shortcomings can be addressed through development of a Kingdom-specific climate zone map online tool, which characterizes the SBC 601 minimum prescriptive energy efficiency performance requirements for residential and nonresidential buildings envelopes. The study also highlights the significant role this tool can play in facilitating code compliance and gives examples of the potential energy savings.

3  Application of ASHRAE 90.1 Building Envelope Requirements for Middle East Regions (OR-16-C029)

Walid M. Chakroun, Ph.D., Kuwait University
Mir Gayas Ali, SSH International Consultants
Wayne Reedy, P.E., SSH International Consultants
ASHRAE 90.1 is an energy standard for buildings except low-rise residential buildings. It provides minimum design and construction requirements for most types of Residential and Commercial buildings and their systems. The objective of this technical paper is to analyze and assess, some of the building envelope values in ASHRAE 90.1 such as wall, roof, and glazing, using building energy modelling simulation techniques for different regions in the Middle East. A comparative analysis is made for thermal conductivity (U) values of walls, roof,  glazing, and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), based on the results from building energy modelling simulation, to analyse the energy consumption and energy savings potential and obtain optimised values for these parameters relevant to the Middle Eastern region. Also, a comparative analysis is made to examine the performance of building envelope values with Residential and Commercial buildings.

4  Energy Utilization Effectiveness (EUE): A New Metric for Commercial Building Energy Use Characterization (OR-16-C030)

Roger Chang, P.E., Westlake Reed Leskosky
The energy utilization index (EUI) is commonly used to describe a building's energy performance. This index is not without shortcomings, as it does not adequately address issues such as space utilization, occupant density, or irreducible process loads. This paper explores the use of a bottom-up approach for energy benchmarking, both for design optimization and portfolio analysis, utilizing a concept known as energy usage effectiveness (EUE). The EUE metric is based on the ratio of a building's total energy use divided by an adapted calculation of process energy use. Benchmark EUE values will be calculated based on the Department of Energy's Commercial Reference Building's for new construction, existing buildings "post-1980" and existing buildings "pre-1980s." The full range of ASHRAE climate ones will be represented for all of the major building types available. EUE will be compared to calculated EUI, to highlight correlations and divergences in the outcome data. The EUE concept will also be applied to data from a heavily sub-metered high-performance building, as well as public data published in ASHRAE high-performance building case studies. Discussion will include possible ways for ASHRAE Standard 90.1 to be adapted to utilize EUE and further rolled into green construction codes.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 9
Protecting Coils: UV, Odor and Frost

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Dunstan Macauley, P.E., WSP
Cooling coils are essential to the HVAC industry and should be protected to ensure optimal performance for air pressure drop, frost and defrost cycles, and avoiding odor generation. These papers discuss in detail the impact of the UV irradiation of the cooling coil in terms of energy use as well as odor and contaminant levels in the facility. In addition, the coil’s design to improve frosting and defrosting performance is analyzed in hopes to improve heat conduction for the unit.

1  Field Study of Energy Use-Related Effects of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation of a Cooling Coil (OR-16-C031)

Joseph Firrantello, P.E., Penn State University
William Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Pennsylvania State University
Ross Montgomery, P.E., Quality Systems and Technology Inc.
Paul Kremer, Pennsylvania State University
The energy use-related effects of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) to mitigate biological fouling (biofouling) of a chilled water cooling coil are investigated via a field study. A visibly bio-fouled cooling coil in an air-handling unit serving an operational building in a hot, humid climate is monitored for 5 months to establish a fouled coil baseline. Parameters monitored include air flow rate, airside pressure drop, air temperature and humidity upstream and downstream of the coil, chilled water flow rate, entering and leaving chilled water temperature and waterside pressure drop. A UVGI coil irradiation system is installed on the downstream side of the coil following typical manufacturer guidelines, and the system is then passively monitored over a period of 10 months. An average improvement of 5.2% to 7.9% in coil airside pressure drop, and 11.9% to 12.7% in heat transfer coefficient (both 95% confidence interval) are estimated by comparing data from the baseline and post-irradiation periods. Complexities of the physical phenomena involved, e.g. the effect of both airflow and latent load on airside pressure drop, are taken into account.

2  Using Patterned Surface Wettability for Improved Frosting/Defrosting Performance (OR-16-C032)

Nicole Okamoto, Ph.D., San Jose State University
Andrew Sommers, Ph.D., Miami University
Isaac Tineo, San Jose State University
Christian Petty, Miami University
Jonathan Carlson, San Jose State University
Dean DiBlasio, San Jose State University
The goal of this project was to assess the potential benefits of using a highly-controlled surface wettability to preferentially condense (and therefore locate) water droplets on a heat transfer surface during the early stages of frost growth to affect the thermophysical properties of the frost layer (i.e. density, thermal conductivity, etc.). It was postulated that a thinner, denser frost layer might lead to improved heat conduction (and therefore improved air-side heat tranfer) and longer operational periods before defrosting becomes necessary. The retention of less water on the heat transfer surface following defrosting might also be used to slow frost growth in the subsequent cycle and therefore lengthen the operational cycle. Thus, accompanying this objective was the goal of creating heat transfer surfaces that more completely drain the melted frost layer during an applied defrost cycle.

3  Odor Due to UV Disinfection (OR-16-C033)

Normand Brais, Ph.D., P.E., Sanuvox Technologies
Benoit Despatis, P.Eng., Sanuvox Technologies
It has been noticed by many users that whenever a germicidal UV disinfection is performed in a room, there is often a strange odor left behind. It is not ozone, which can be easily identified and measured. It is more like a slightly pungent smell. It's actually easier to acknowledge the smell than to describe it. Until now, no satisfactory scientific explanation about the origin of this peculiar odor has been provided. In this paper, the authors provide a clear explanation of the source of this odor. Evidences show that the root cause seems to be the interaction of UV with airborne dust.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 10
Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Controlling Other Harmful Gases

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jaideep S. Karnik, HCYU Building Engineered Solutions
Controlling harmful gases (VOCs, ozone, etc.) within buildings and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of operating buildings are concerns for ASHRAE members. This session deals with strategies that can be utilized to provide better IAQ and reduce the levels of GHGs.

1  Is the Wheeler-Jonas Equation Applicable to Describe the Breakthrough Curve of the Oxidizing Gas: Ozone? (OR-16-C034)

Lumeng Liu, Tianjin University
Junjie Liu, Ph.D., Tianjin University
Jingjing Pei, Ph.D., Tianjin University
A number of studies reported associations between ground-level ozone and various adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Indoor ozone is also a significant initiator of indoor chemistry by driving various oxidative processes which produce many harmful oxidation products. Hence ozone is the required challenge gas with respect to oxidizing gases to be tested in AHSRAE Standard 145.2-2011. In practical application, how often the filters should be changed on specific operation condition is a key question. Wheeler-Jonas equation is widely used for describing breakthrough curves of VOCs removal by granular activated carbon (GAC).  This paper will investigate the applicability of W-J equation to the oxidizing gas - ozone. The experiments will be conducted on a state-of-the-art full-scale filter test rig. The air tightness, uniform distribution of challenge gases and stable temperature and humidity control of the test rig have already been validated. Commercially available AC filters with different pore sizes, specific areas and bulk densities will be tested.

2  Reduction of Campus Greenhouse Gas Emissions through a Hybrid Centralized Energy Distribution System (OR-16-C035)

Chelsea Guenette, Montana State University
Joshua Talbert, P.E., Montana State University
Kevin L. Amende, P.E., Montana State University
Institutional campuses often times encompass both centralized and decentralized heating and cooling systems. Each configuration inherently has advantages and challenges when trying to maintain occupant comfort while minimizing energy consumption.  Recent technological advancements in computing power allows building energy modelers to quickly and efficiently develop models which can be evaluated as part of a centralized plant or as a stand alone system.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 28
Introduction to Biomass Heating and Hydronics for Young Engineers

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Benjamin Bell-Walker, Biomass Thermal Energy Council
Technical Committee: 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
CoSponsor: 06.10 Fuels and Combustion
In recent years, the fastest-growing fuel source for residential heating has been biomass, especially wood systems. However, many system designers and specifiers are unfamiliar with biomass heating technologies and are often unable to provide guidance for someone pursuing biomass hydronic heating. This workshop is intended to introduce young engineers to specific challenges and design considerations in the use of biomass as heat source for hydronic systems. The first part of the workshop provides an overview of common biomass feedstocks. The second part discusses system design issues such as thermal storage, boiler sizing and fuel storage.

1  Biomass Feedstocks: Properties and Principles

Bede Wellford, Viessmann Manufacturing Company (U.S.), Inc.
This presentation will begin by eliciting audience feedback about their experience with and impressions of biomass hydronic heating systems. After this, a quick survey of the most common biomass feedstocks and system types will familiarize the audience with those they are likely to encounter. Then we lead in to a discussion of the essential differences between biomass and fossil fuels in terms of performance, especially turn down ratios, ash and moisture content, advances in emissions control, and storage and supply issues.

2  Biomass Hydronic System Design Considerations

John Karakash, Resource Professionals Group
This presentation will provide a look at some of the most important design issues that come to the fore when implementing a hydronic biomass boiler system. Segueing from fuel supply and storage considerations (the topic of the first part of the workshop), we will proceed to discuss boiler sizing and thermal storage in biomass systems. Advantages of multiple-boiler systems for varying load profiles will also be discussed. When these issues are understood, biomass hydronic systems are at their most efficient and provide an excellent alternative to fossil fuels or other renewable energy sources such as solar thermal for heating purposes.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 29
Modern Absorption Systems and Application for Both Cooling and Heating

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Ersin Gercek, P.E., Real Engineering Services LLC
Technical Committee: 08.03 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines
This session on absorption systems explains the working principle and an overview of the cycle, classification and types of absorption chillers and heat pumps. It also provides an overview of what makes modern absorbers different from those of the past. A case study is added where an absorption chiller is coupled with a CHP plant at a large retail store to increase energy efficiency and resilience.

1  Modern Commercial/Industrial Absorption Capabilities as Showcased in a Big Box Retail Store Application

Douglas A. Davis, Broad USA
An overview of what makes modern absorbers different from absorbers in the past. How these differences result in a wider suitable application range to solve problems and provide solutions to the HVAC and CCHP marketplace.  A recent project for a retail big box store will be covered that does a good job of highlighting these changes and how the store's HVAC, domestic hot water and “sub-cooling” of the low temperature refrigeration is accomplished by the absorbers in a fully integrated CCHP system.  This store can also operate with or without the local electric grid.

2  Lithiumbromide Water Absorption Heat Pumps for Heating Applications

Rajesh Dixit, Johnson Controls, Inc.
This presentation on absorption heat pumps (Lithium Bromide-Water) explains the working principle and an overview of the cycle, classification or types, energy balance,  construction/illustration of the equipment, technology benefits and constraints, coefficient of performance, crystallization, lift, applications and application considerations.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 30
New Bi-National GLHE/GSHP Standards and Translating GLHE Standards to Code: Good, Bad or Really Ugly?

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Lisa Meline, P.E., Meline Engineering Corporation
Technical Committee: 06.08 Geothermal Heat Pumps and Energy Recovery Applications
Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) and ground heat exchanger language is finally being included into national and international codes and standards. This is quite a coup for the GSHP industry. Eventually, these standards find their way into code formulated by independent code authorities. These codes are adopted by the regulatory authorities. We, as engineers, must design to both the standards and the code. What happens if standards and code conflict? What is the general impact of this conflict? How do we change or modify the code? Standard to disaster or standard to a well-designed system?

1  Ground Source Heat Pumps Get Bi-National Attention!

Lisa Meline, P.E., Meline Engineering Corporation
ASHRAE as well as other professional organizations have been working with the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) to revise CSA448 such that it will be a viable standard in the United States as well as Canada.  The revised standard will be entitled, “Design and Installation of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems for Commercial and Residential Buildings.” This presentation will provide an overview of the standard and will discuss the benefits to ASHRAE members on both sides of the border.

2  Conflicting Codes and Standards: What Happens Now?

Cary Smith, Sound Geothermal Corp.
Standards are written by a group of knowledgeable individuals from industry, academia, or other similar sources.   Standards are adopted under ridged rules set forth by ANSI or other nationally recognized certifying body.  Eventually standards find their way into code formulated by independent code authorities. These codes are adopted by the regulatory authorities. We, as engineers, must design to both the standards and the code.  What happens if standards and code conflict?  What is the general impact of this conflict?  What do we, as engineers, need to do?  How do we change or modify the code?

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 31
The Impacts of Operable Windows on Building Performance

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Liping Wang, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wyoming
Technical Committee: 07.05 Smart Building Systems
Operable windows provide occupants with the ability to control local environments and satisfy human expectation to access outdoor environments. Operation behaviors or strategies for operable windows have substantial impacts on the indoor environment and building energy consumption. Facility managers complain about operable windows left open in buildings with conventional HVAC systems. However, optimum control strategies of window operation reduce energy consumption for buildings via mixed-mode ventilation. This seminar presents recent research efforts on operation strategies for various types of building ventilation systems and thorough case studies on operable windows for LEED Platinum high performance buildings in Midwestern United States.

1  The Impact of Operable Windows on a High Performance Office Building in U.S. Midwest

Ran Liu, Ph.D., Iowa Energy Center
This case study evaluates how the operable windows improve energy efficiency and indoor air quality for a state government office building. The IUB-OCA building is certified as Energy Star 100 and LEED Platinum. The measured energy use intensity is 21.5 kBtu/ft2-yr. One of low-energy sustainable design features is the operable window. The building automation system identifies favorable outside conditions and notifies occupants to open or close windows. The associated zone’s heat pumps are automatically shut down when windows are opened. The study analyses the impact of the operable windows on heat pump energy savings and occupant satisfaction through natural ventilation.

2  Window Operation and Its Impact on Building Energy Consumption for a Medium-Size Office Building

Liping Wang, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wyoming
This study focuses on the investigation of the impacts of window operation on building performance for different types of ventilation systems including natural ventilation, mixed-mode ventilation, and conventional VAV systems in a medium-size office building. A building performance simulation tool—EnergyPlus—is used to simulate window operation for each system type. The investigation included the interaction between conventional VAV systems and window operation as well as control strategies for natural ventilation and mixed-mode ventilation. The results highlighted the impacts of window operation on energy use and comfort and identified substantial energy savings with mixed-mode ventilation during summer for various climates.

10:00 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar TC
Study to Identify CFD Models for Use in Determining HVAC Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients

Fundamentals and Applications
Lake Nona A (Hilton Orlando)
Chairs: Stephen A. Idem, Ph.D., Tennessee Tech University and Ahmad K. Sleiti, Ph.D., P.E., Qatar University
Technical Committee: 05.02 Duct Design
OPEN SESSION: no badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. The presenters give a report the final results from RP-1682. From 10:00 – 10:30, Dr. Idem presents “Study to Identify CFD Models for Use in Determining HVAC Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients: Experimental Results.” From 10:30 – 11:00, Dr. Sleiti presents “Study to Identify CFD Models for Use in Determining HVAC Duct Fitting Loss Coefficients: CFD Model Results."

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Forum 1
Got Demand Response? How Should Buildings Be Designed to Connect to the Smart Grid?

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Randall Higa, P.E., Southern California Edison
Technical Committee: 01.09 Electrical Systems
CoSponsor: 07.05 Smart Building Systems
Demand response (DR) is the ability to effect a short-term change in a facility’s electric demand due to actions on the building’s energy consuming systems. DR can provide value by addressing grid reliability or variations in renewable energy output. California’s Title 24 and IgCC Green Code require buildings to be capable of responding to DR events. There is interest in preparing a guideline for DR that could be incorporated into standards such as Standard 90.1 and 189.1. What should be the scope and structure of such a guideline? How should buildings be designed to connect to the smart grid?

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Forum 2
Air Change Rates: Friend or Foe?

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., AnSight LLC
Technical Committee: 09.11 Clean Spaces
Sponsor: TC 9.06, TC9.10
Air change rates (ACR) or air changes per hour (ACH) are often specified in many standards, codes and design guidelines as supply airflow requirements for healthcare, cleanrooms, laboratories and other similar facilities. A group of people who support such philosophy think it has been working successfully from several decades in making these spaces safe, comfortable and healthy. Another group thinks this legacy practice has a little scientific basis and is a burden on energy efficiency and cost of operation of HVAC systems. This session has an open debate on this issue. Active participation is required from the attendees.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Technical Paper Session 4
High Efficiency Heat Transfer Technology and High Efficiency Energy Conversion

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Kaylee Haupt, BKMA
Liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs) and Tesla turbines can, respectively, provide highly efficient heat transfer and energy conversion when properly designed and utilized.  This session explores the creative use of each of these technologies.

1  A Monthly-Based Bore Field Sizing Methodology with Applications to Optimum Borehole Spacing (OR-16-009)

Patricia Monzó, P.Eng., Royal Institute of Technology
Michel Bernier, Ph.D., P.E., Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
Jose Acuna, Ph.D., KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Palne Mogensen, P.E., PM AB
The required length of vertical ground heat exchangers (GHX) used in ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems is determined to make the outlet temperature from the GHX remains within certain limits at peak ground load conditions. These conditions may not necessarily occur after 10 or 20 years of operation and often occur during the first year of operation. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a general methodology, using the framework of the ASHRAE bore field sizing method, for the calculation of the total required bore field length on a monthly basis during the first year of operation.

2  Improving Utilization of Energy at the Power Generation Plant by Recovering Heat Energy for the Production of Cooling Power: A Sustainable Design Approach (OR-16-010)

Ali M. Hasan, CEng, KEO International Consulting Engineers
District cooling plants using large electric powered water-cooled vapor compression machines in warm weather regions are gaining popularity. Providing an economic mass scale cooling for buildings. This paper proposes to replace such a system with the use of direct-fired two-stage absorption chillers located at the power generation plant. Absorbers energized by the exhaust of a gas turbine power generation plant can be used to provide chilled water to cool nearby buildings. Calculations presented in this document can be used to analyze the feasibility of such an investment.

3  Experimental Study of Effects of Phase Change Energy and Liquid Desiccant Flow Rate on Performances of 2 Fluid and 3 Fluid Liquid-to-Air Membrane Energy Exchangers (OR-16-011)

Mohamed R.H. Abdel-Salam, University of Saskatchewan
Gaoming M. Ge, Ph.D., University of Saskatchewan
Robert W. Besant, University of Saskatchewan
Carey J. Simonson, Ph.D., P.E., University of Saskatchewan
Liquid to air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEEs) are used to transfer heat and moisture between air and desiccant solution streams. LAMEEs use semi permeable membranes to prevent the transfer of desiccant droplets to the airstream, which guarantee high levels of indoor air quality. When a LAMEE is used for air cooling and dehumidifying, energy of phase change is released as the desiccant solution absorbs moisture from the humid airstream. Consequently, the temperature of the desiccant solution increases as it flows along the exchanger which decreases the LAMEE’s effectiveness. A 3-fluid LAMEE is a novel type of LAMEEs which includes a cooling water circuit to cool the desiccant solution along the exchanger. The main contribution of this paper is that it quantifies for the first time the amount of phase change energy released in liquid desiccant energy exchangers used for air cooling and dehumidifying process.

4  Investigating the Possibility of Utilizing a Tesla Turbine as a Drive Unit for an Automotive Air-Condition Compressor Using CFD Modeling (OR-16-012)

Ali M. Hasan, CEng, KEO International Consulting Engineers
This paper investigates the possibility of using a Tesla turbine as an alternative air-conditioning compressor drive unit rather than the traditional method of linking the compressor rotor to the vehicle engine crank-shaft belt or chain. Interest in Tesla turbines has recently gained momentum due to the possibility in obtaining high efficiency in energy conversion, as claimed by the inventor Nikola Tesla. This paper investigates the possibility of driving the air-conditioning compressor using the hydraulic energy available in the engine lubrication oil piping provided by the engine oil pump. Tesla turbines are easy to adapt and can cover a range of flow rate capacities. Using such a system for energy conversion can lower capital equipment costs and improve the turbine life span. Contributing to sustainable engineering development.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 11
Achieving Net-Zero Energy Use in Data Centers

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Calina Ferraro, P.E., Randall Lamb Associates, Inc.
ASHRAE has a goal to achieve net zero energy use in data centers by 2030. This session explores competing design/operation strategies that can be utilized to help meet this target.

1  Data Center Water Energy Recovery (OR-16-C036)

Tahir Cader, Ph.D., Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company
John C. Peterson, P.E., Hewlett Packard
Roy Dragseth, Ph.D., University of Tromso
ASHRAE is aiming for buildings to achieve net-zero energy use, including energy-intensive mission critical facilities, by the year 2030.  The design methods to achieve this goal are aiming to be in place in less than 5 years, by 2020. There is a need to ensure designers can choose the most beneficial options available.  Often data center heat is considered a bane, and water source energy recovery is not an option because the heat rejection and distribution is limited by physical, monetary and temperature aspects.  However, opportunities are becoming more available for new and existing facilities as data center densities and water cooling temperatures move steadily higher. This paper reviews the potential benefits of operating with higher water temperatures and finding means to couple alternative systems as heat sinks for modern data centers.

2  Data Center Great Debate: Competing Ideas for Maximizing Design Efficiencies (OR-16-C037)

Dan Comperchio, P.E., Willdan Energy Solutions
Sameer Behere, P.E., Syserco, Inc.
Data centers have an extensive range of complicated system design choices, which can often times seem overwhelming when deciding the best way to maximize the system design for reliability and energy efficiency. Is an air-side or water-side economizer system better, or should an indirect system be used over a wet-bulb economizer design? Is the industry moving away from raised floor designs to installing server cabinets directly on slab? High-level decisions can be complicated, but diving further into the details reveals even further trade-offs and directions in designs. Should containment be done on the cold-aisle or hot-aisle? Is it better to select units with EC fans or VFD equipped motors? The authors present a range of topics for debate in data center design and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each, applicability and limiting factors as well as encourage participation in discussions about highly contested topics in the data center industry. These debates are happening right now across designers and operators, end users and owners and produces a variety of viewpoints and engaging discussions on complex systems design.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 32
Educational Facility Design From an International Perspective

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Dawen Lu, P.E., Lu + Smith ENGINEERS, PLLC
Technical Committee: 09.07 Educational Facilities
The UK and China both have a tremendous amount of existing school buildings stock and demands for new school buildings. While these buildings being upgraded and built, unique challenges and opportunities are presented. Some of them are very applicable to the school building construction in North America.

1  HVAC Design for Educational Buildings in the UK

Frank Mills, Low Carbon Design Consultants
The UK has embarked upon an ambitious program to rebuild its aging stock of schools and universities through a combination of refurbishment, upgrade and new build. Whilst the driver has been to transform education for the better, key issues have been to improve IEQ for better productivity and reduce energy costs and carbon emissions. This presentation shows how the HVAC approach has evolved to deliver to ambitious targets and to proactively support education through knowledge having, exemplar construction and student portals into BMS.

2  Optimizing Central Energy Plant: A Case Study on a School Project in China

Zhenjie Hu, Tianjin University Research Institute of Architectural Design
According to local resource conditions to determine a viable energy utilization program, the use of energy prices, energy demand system parameters such as initial investment, life-cycle cost analysis of possible options to obtain energy priorities. Area-based annual hourly load demand, the study area energy characteristics. Comprehensive energy use characteristics and regional energy characteristics, the development of complex energy utilization program, the life cycle cost analysis of different energy matching mode to determine the proportion of all kinds can be assumed for energy.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 33
Should You Use Your Building Automation System to Commission Your Building Systems?

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Chad Moore, P.E., Engineering Resource Group
Technical Committee: 01.04 Control Theory and Application
With the availability of large amounts of building automation system data and the advent of automated building system commissioning tools, will the need for laborious human-based commissioning be replaced with automated commissioning? This seminar debates the advantages and disadvantages of both traditional component/building system commissioning and autonomous, model-based commissioning.

1  No Amount of BAS Data or Digital Processing Will Replace Human Commissioning in the Field

Barry B. Bridges, P.E., Sebesta
Automated testing is the execution of a human's test. It must include the obvious parameters that define components and thermal and fluid exchanges expected in design. Nodes of protection, assure equipment can recover from a fault, require real external actions to be detected not simulated within the BAS.  Load response can be digitally simulated and evaluated to preset acceptance criteria.  Commissioning one device with human flexibility a repetitive system is continually reviewed by occupants for comfort. Discontinuities created by energy saving modes require real events to confirm  operation within the limits of the physical world.

2  Autonomous Model-Based Commissioning Pros and Cons

Allan Daly, P.E., Taylor Enginering
Many building automation systems allow for 3rd party software to interact with them directly through published APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). Automated commissioning uses these APIs to autonomously drive passive (read-only) and active (read-write) commissioning tests of HVAC systems in existing buildings and during construction projects. This presentation will define the concepts and system architecture that support automated commissioning and explore the pros and cons of this novel approach to component and system testing. The presentation will also introduce the Structured All-Purpose Language for Testing which can be used to define tests in a formal way suitable for automation.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 34
Hydronic Systems: Doing More with Less

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Julia Keen, Kansas State University
Technical Committee: 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
Sponsor: Student Activities
This session illustrates doing a better job serving the needs of most commercial buildings by utilizing “Low Flow/High Delta” water-based systems. Water has a high affinity for energy and should be used in a much wiser fashion. This presentation illustrates how to use water-based systems to transfer energy more efficiently, save operational expense, help control systems operate with greater ease and open other benefits to the overall building design and operation. Lessons learned are illustrated on the application of “Low Flow – High Delta” water-based systems.

1  The Fundamentals of Low Flow and High Delta

Douglas F. Zentz, Ferris State University
This session illustrates doing a better job serving the needs of most commercial buildings by utilizing “Low Flow/High Delta” water based systems.  Water has a high affinity for energy and we should be using it in a much wiser fashion. This presentation will illustrate how to use water based systems to transfer energy more efficiently, save operational expense, help control systems operate with greater ease, and open other benefits to the overall building design and operation.  Lessons learned will be illustrated on the application of “Low Flow – High Delta” water based systmes.

2  Lessons Learned in Low Flow Applications

Jason A. Atkisson, P.E., Affiliated Engineers, Inc.
This session illustrates doing a better job serving the needs of most commercial buildings by utilizing “Low Flow/High Delta” water based systems.  Water has a high affinity for energy and we should be using it in a much wiser fashion.  This presentation will illustrate how to use water based systems to transfer energy more efficiently, save operational expense, help control systems operate with greater ease, and open other benefits to the overall building design and operation.  Lessons learned will be illustrated on the application of “Low Flow – High Delta” water based systems.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 35
The Internet of Everything: How Smart and Connected Sensors Will Transform the HVAC Service Industry

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Stephen Roth, P.E., Carmel Software Corp.
Technical Committee: 01.05 Computer Applications
CoSponsor: 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management
This seminar discusses how the Internet of Things (IoT), which has been popularized by consumer devices such as fitness trackers, can be applied to HVAC maintenance and operations. Specifically, this seminar focuses on how light-weight sensors can easily be installed inside HVAC rooftop units to measure a wide variety of conditions and how these sensors can better aid in fault detection and diagnose equipment issues. This seminar also focuses on how much of the data from these sensors is being collected by remote, “cloud-based” databases so it can be further analyzed by mobile-based applications.

1  Using Simple Internet-Connected Sensors to Monitor HVAC Equipment

Janet Peterson, Western HVAC Performance Alliance / CQM-180
Light-weight, Internet-connected sensors are able to better monitor HVAC equipment, including economizers. Why maintaining economizers are the low-hanging fruit for improving rooftop unit energy efficiency and why over 50% of economizers are not functioning properly. How Internet-connected HVAC sensors with fault-detection and other diagnostic capabilities are able to better monitor economizer usage and aid in both installation and maintenance. What is being done with all of the data provided that is being transmitted to the "cloud" by these Internet-connected sensors?

2  Using Mobile Apps to Conduct HVAC Maintenance and Operations

Stephen Roth, P.E., Carmel Software Corp.
Mobile software applications can work with Internet-enabled HVAC sensors to help HVAC technicians better install and maintain them. This paper shows how mobile apps can help technicians install Internet-enabled airflow, temperature, pressure, and other types of sensors. A step-by-step installation process shows how mobile apps can aid in fault detection and diagnose issues with HVAC equipment based upon data received from the sensors and mobile apps can better aid technicians in addressing these issues by displaying a decision-tree user interface.

2:15 PM-3:45 PM
Seminar 36
HVAC Pumps: New ECM Motor and Control Technologies

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jason A. Atkisson, P.E., Affiliated Engineers, Inc.
Technical Committee: 06.01 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems
Electronically commutated motor (ECM) technologies have been used for years in wet running heating circulator pumps, with noted energy savings. These technologies are now available on pumps for general HVAC applications. This seminar describes the energy saving potential of ECM technology when used on general HVAC pumps and how it is applied in heating and cooling applications.

1  Energy Saving Potentials By Using ECM Motor Technologies for HVAC Pumps

Niels Bidstrup, Ph.D., Grundfos Management A/S, Bjerringbro, Denmark
ECM motor technologies have been used in wet running heating circulator pumps for years with substantial energy savings. These technologies are now being used on pumps for general HVAC applications. These new pumps with ECM motor technologies also include many new control options which reduce the energy usage of the pump and can contribute to the energy optimization of the overall HVAC system. This presentation gives an overview of these new technologies and the energy saving potentials.

2  Combined Delta T and Pressure Controlled Secondary Pumps with ECM Motor in a Large Residential Heating System: A Case Study

Anders Nielsen, Dr.Ing., Grundfos Holding A/S
Hydronic single-pipe heating systems have been used for decades and are renowned for their economic design and simple installation.  However, when a high delta T or a particularly low return water temperature is required, single pipe systems often fall short of achieving a high system efficiency. The use of traditional differential pressure controlled pumps is ineffective, as the single pipe systems are designed for constant flow. Therefore, a new approach is needed. This presentation provides a case study from an installation in Denmark where a temperature controlled pump has been used as the tool for obtaining higher system efficiency.

3  Use of ECM-Driven Large Circulators in HVAC Cooling System Applications

Larry Konopacz, Xylem Bell & Gossett
Advances in integrated variable speed drives and controls in ECM driven large wet rotor circulators make them an ideal fit for large residential and small commercial two pipe cooling applications.  This presentation will look at various ways to employ these pumps in primary-secondary and primary-secondary-tertiary pumping systems utilizing combinations of the T, DT, and DP functions of the circulator to effectively and efficiently cool and dehumidify the building.

Tuesday, January 26, 2016

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 12
Heat Pumps and Unitary Equipment: Optimizing Efficiencies

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Charles E. Henck, Whitman, Requardt & Associates LLP
Heat pumps and unitary equipment efficiency can be impacted in many ways: through the operation of the system as well as through the assembly of the parts and pieces. These papers discuss the methods to optimize the system for different climate zones—whether it be from setpoint changes, using multiple compressors, multi-speed units or altered vapor injection. This session provides the insight to better select the heat pump or unitary equipment for your climate and application.

1  Unitary HVAC Equipment: Performance Optimization Strategy and Field Tests (OR-16-C038)

Michael K. West, Ph.D., P.E., Advantek Consulting Engineering
The as-installed energy efficiency of unitary systems is much less than that of central systems, and the efficiency gap widens as systems age due to maintainability issues.  Energy engineers and service technicians use indirect indicators of equipment performance and make adjustments according to manufacturer guidelines and standard field practice, which varies with technicians’ level of experience.  Growing numbers of unitary systems combined with shrinking budgets result in deferred maintenance, and long-term operation of equipment at degraded levels. Energy efficiency is a metric that must be measured to be optimized.  This paper reports on field testing of continuous sensing of actual operating energy efficiency to control unitary equipment operating parameters, provide remote fault detection diagnostics and support maintainability. The energy efficiency of most unitary HVAC systems is much less than chilled water systems and limited cost-effective choices exist for increasing their energy efficiency.

2  Cold Climate Heat Pumps Using Tandem Compressors (OR-16-C039)

Bo Shen, Ph.D., ORNL
Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Rice Keith, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Van D. Baxter, P.E., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
In the U.S., there are 14.4 M electric-heated dwellings using 0.16 quad/year for heating in cold regions, e.g. ASHRAE climate regions IV and V. Conventional air-source heat pumps (ASHP) do not work well in such cold zones, due to high compressor discharge temperatures, large pressure ratios and inadequate heating capacities at low ambient temperatures. Consequently, noticeable portion of auxiliary strip heating has to be used to meet the building heating load. Two options of tandem compressors were studied, with one using two identical, single-speed compressors, and the other using two identical, vapor-injection compressors. The system modeling and laboratory testing results will be presented in the paper.

3  Annual Performance of a Two-Speed, Dedicated Dehumidification Heat Pump in the NIST Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (OR-16-C040)

W. Vance Payne, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
A 250 m2, two story, residential home of the style typical of the Gaithersburg, Maryland area was constructed in 2012 to illustrate technologies employed to produce a netzero energy home. It functions as a laboratory to support the development and adoption of cost-effective NZE designs, technologies, construction methods, and building codes. The primary design goal was to meet the comfort and functional needs of the simulated occupants. The first annual test period began on July 1, 2013 and ended June 30, 2014. During this period the heating and air conditioning of the home was performed by a novel air-source heat pump that utilized a reheat heat exchanger to allow hot compressor discharge gas to reheat the supply air during a dedicated dehumidification mode.

4  A Non-Dimensional Mapping of a Dual-Port Vapor Injected Compressor (OR-16-C041)

Christian K. Bach, Ph.D., Oklahoma State University
Eckhard Groll, Dr.Ing., Purdue University
James Braun, Ph.D., Purdue University
Travis Horton, Ph.D., Purdue University
The application of vapor injection to the compression process leads to a decrease in discharge temperature, extending the operating envelope to lower suction pressures. Additionally, it increases the coefficient of performance as well as the heating capacity under these conditions. Vapor injected compressors are therefore ideally suited for cold climate heat pump applications. This paper introduces a PI-type mapping of a dual port vapor injected compressor’s performance data trained with data from both, in-system testing as well as test-stand testing.  The in-system testing was conducted in a prototype cold climate heat pump, where injection mass flowrates and suction superheat were a result of the operating conditions.  In contrast, suction superheat of the test-stand data was fixed while injection flowrates were dictated by the test plan. These differences result in limitations of the mappings if the model is trained with only one of these sets.

5  Mapping of Vapor Injected Compressor with Consideration of Extrapolation Uncertainty (OR-16-C042)

Christian K. Bach, Ph.D., Oklahoma State University
Howard Cheung, Ph.D., Purdue University
Vapor injected compressors are one of the promising technologies for cold climate heat pumps because it enables compressor operation with a large range of evaporating temperatures at acceptable efficiency. However, the large operating range also makes it difficult to generate empirical maps that are applicable to most of its operating conditions. This paper discusses a method to create an empirical map using the Buckingham-PI theorem and estimates the resulting extrapolation uncertainty. Data from the laboratory testing of a cold climate heat pump were used to generate the map. The uncertainties from model random error and training data were calculated to examine if the model is reliable at extrapolation.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 13
Improving the Design and Performance of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Gary C. Debes, BHH Engineers, a Division of Blackney Hayes Architects
Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems have proven to be highly efficient and effective in many applications (especially residential and commercial). This session explores methods to improve design (based on climatic and/or geological variations), efficiency (based on hybrid systems), and modeling.

1  Deep Boreholes for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: Scandinavian Experience and Future Prospects (OR-16-C043)

Signhild E. A. Gehlin, Ph.D., Swedish Centre for Shallow Geothermal Energy
Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University
Göran Hellström, Ph.D., Lund University of Technology
Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are commonly used in Sweden for both residential and commercial buildings.  However, there are several key differences with GSHP systems utilized in the USA. Scandinavian systems are often heating-only, and instead of using grouted boreholes, groundwater-filled boreholes are often used.  These boreholes are cased from the ground surface to the usually-shallow bedrock.  A single or double U-tube is commonly suspended in the borehole.  These boreholes are often deeper than those commonly used in the USA.  This paper reviews current Scandinavian practice for borehole design and discusses several installations with boreholes 250 – 300 m (820-984 ft) deep or deeper.

2  In Situ Testing of Shallow Depth Helical Heat Exchangers for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems (OR-16-C044)

F. Javier Alvarez-Revenga, Montana State University
Kevin L. Amende, P.E., Montana State University
Angelo Zarrella, University of Padova
The purpose of this paper is to explore the performance of shallow depth helical heat exchangers coupled with ground source heat pumps (GSHP) for residential HVAC applications.  This shallow depth system serves as an alternative to traditional vertical bore fields, which carry high installation costs.  These helical heat exchangers occupy considerably less land when compared to horizontal configurations, but are still influenced by changing ground temperatures driven by seasonal weather conditions.  Performance data and design information is limited for helical heat exchangers, which has limited their adoption amongst GSHP system designers and installers.  In Situ testing was performed for a GSHP system to provide designers with performance information and insight towards appropriate applications of this technology.

3  Energy Use of Ground-Source Heat Pumps for Various Load Temperatures (OR-16-C045)

Michel Bernier, Ph.D., P.E., Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
Guillaume Soudan, Université de Mons
Nicolas Haché, Ecole Polytechnique De Montreal
Heat pumps use less energy when the difference between the source and load temperatures is small. For a ground-source heat pump (GSHP), the source temperature is prescribed by the local ground temperature. As for the load temperature, it depends on the type of heating system. In this paper, the performance of a water-to-water heat pump coupled to two different heating systems is examined. The first one is a radiant type floor heating system operating at a relative low temperature (≈30 °C). The second system uses a fan-coil unit operating at higher temperature (≈45 °C) to supply space heat. The objective of the paper is to quantify the energy savings from running a GSHP at a low load temperatures.

4  Coupling PV/T Collectors with a Ground Source Heat Pump System (OR-16-C046)

Pauline Brischoux, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
Michel Bernier, Ph.D., P.E., Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
Photovoltaic panels that provide electricity and thermal energy are now commercially available. These PV/T collectors use either the air or a liquid as the heat transfer fluid to collect thermal energy. This paper examines the overall system performance of PV/T collectors linked to a ground-source heat pump equipped with a four-pipe borehole. The system selected for this study consists of two independent fluid circuits. In the first circuit, the outlet fluid from a liquid-cooled PV/T collector is first pumped through a heat exchanger then to the ground heat exchanger. In the second circuit, fluid is pumped from the ground heat exchanger to the heat pump via the heat exchanger which provides a thermal link between the PV/T and GSHP circuits.

5  Experimental Validation of a Thermal Resistance and Capacity Model for Geothermal Boreholes (OR-16-C047)

Corentin Lecomte, Ecole Polytechnique De Montreal
Vivien Godefroy, Ecole Polytechnique De Montreal
Michel Bernier, Ph.D., P.E., Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal
Mark Douglas, P.Eng., CanmetENERGY
Studies have shown that neglecting borehole thermal capacity in annual simulations of ground-source heat pump systems can lead to an overestimation of the energy consumption by 3-4% when the heat pump is operating intermittently. There are various approaches to account for thermal capacity when simulating geothermal boreholes. The objective of this paper is to validate the TRCM procedure. Experimental data from two tests performed at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (Ottawa, Canada) are used for this validation.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 37
Best Practices in Manufacturing, Field Installation and Servicing Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Georgi Kazachki, Ph.D., Dayton Phoenix Group, Inc.
Technical Committee: Refrigeration Committee
Sponsor: TC3.3, 9.3, 10.3, 10.7
CoSponsor: 08.11 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps
The efficient, reliable and environmentally sound operation of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems depends to a large extent on the presence of moisture, non-condensables, contaminants and refrigerant leaks. Good practices have been established over the years, yet time and cost-reduction pressures often lead to questioning some of these practices, such as minimizing component exposure to ambient before assembly and installation, brazing with inert gas, leak elimination and deep evacuation before charging with the proper amount of fresh refrigerant. This seminar illustrates the best practices with respect to the system chemistry and material compatibility in refrigeration systems.

1.00  Using a Protective Atmosphere During Brazing of HVAC&R Copper Tubing and Its Effect on Braze Quality and System Contamination

Marc Scancarello, P.E., Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc.
Brazing is a practical, fast and relatively low cost joining method.  Both aluminum and copper heat exchangers and many miscellaneous component connections are brazed.  In addition, field service repair often requires re-brazing that can take place under less-than-ideal conditions.  However, to achieve a reliable and leak-free braze joint, adequate surface preparation and proper control over heating parameters are required.  Unfortunately, if inadequate brazing techniques are used, thermal degradation at the interior surfaces of tubing can take place.  The degradation can lead to the formation of scale that may dislodge and cause contamination of bearings or valves in the HVAC&R system.

2.00  Effects of Process Lubricants for Fin Stamping, Tube Bending and Construction of HVAC&R Systems

Robert Turner, Metalloid Corporation
To guarantee long equipment life, the construction and assembly of heat exchangers, piping, valves and compressors requires metalworking fluids compatible with the refrigerant and lubricant without cleaning prior to final brazing or assembly. The movement of the industry to chemically unstable low GWP refrigerants and aluminum heat exchangers has necessitated the development of new metalworking lubricants and additive packages.  Continued interest in developing environmentally friendly materials with low VOC, no wax formation, and excellent compatibility when tested by ASHRAE Standards 86 and 97 continues to drive the manufacturing market to search for the next generation of sustainable metalworking fluids.

3.00  Impact of Refrigeration System Commissioning on Energy Usage and System Reliability

Michael Collins, Carlyle Compressor Company
There is growing pressure on installation contractors to get refrigeration systems up and running with as little on-site work to keep projects within budget. Unfortunately, this trend can result in systems that meet the immediate need to keep the product cold but are not optimized to minimize life cycle operating costs, including energy usage and maintenance.  An installation plan that includes measures to correctly setup the refrigeration system can result in both significant energy savings as well as superior reliability.  This discussion will focus on several high priority areas that have historically proven to provide the most benefit.

4.00  Practical Impact When Servicing Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps Using A2L Refrigerant HFC32

Hilde Dhont, Daikin Europe
More manufacturers are commercializing air conditioners and heat pumps using HFC32 refrigerant because of its environmental, energy efficiency and economic benefits. This presentation explains points to consider for installation and service practices when changing over from HCFC22 or R410A to HFC32. The presentation covers aspects such as the impact on tooling, refrigerant cylinders, working pressures, safety requirements as well as the impact on recovery and reuse. The information is intended for installers and service technicians but is also useful for training centers, associations and policymakers involved in training and certification schemes for people working on equipment containing a refrigerant circuit.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 38
Cooling with the Sun: Solar PV Cooling

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Janice Means, P.E., Lawrence Technological University
Technical Committee: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization
Solar photovoltaic (PV) applications for providing building comfort cooling have now become a viable economic alternative. The speakers address various opinions and techniques to best apply solar PV for handling cooling loads.

1  Introduction to Solar PV Cooling and Comparison with Alternatives

James A. Leidel, Oakland University
The use of solar photovoltaics (PV) to provide comfort cooling will be presented.  The cost of solar PV installations has fallen, making the solar electricity competitive.  This discussion will cover techniques to best apply solar PV energy to cooling loads.  The "total solar cooling efficiency" of different methods will be compared for both solar PV and solar thermal.  Specific applications, i.e., PV driven air conditioning and heat pumps, energy storage, load mismatch, and PV with energy efficiency, will be discussed.  The shading effect of roof mounted PV arrays on HVAC systems and building loads will also be discussed.

2  Case Studies for PV Cooling

Svein Olav Morner, Ph.D., P.E., Sustainable Engineering Group LLC
While photovoltaic (PV) electric generation can be used for any type of load, peak generation often coincides with building cooling needs.  This presentation demonstrates how buildings with different types of mechanical systems match the PV output on an hourly daily, monthly and yearly basis.  Based on this data, a discussion on what it would take to get these buildings to net zero energy and  to the considerably more challenging goal of creating a micro-grid by adding an energy storage device and disconnecting from the utility.  The economics of PV cooling will be compared to the thermal cooling technologies.

3  Unitary Rooftop Air-Conditioning with Solar Photovoltaic Power Input

Dutch Uselton, P.E., Lennox Industries Inc.
Unitary rooftop equipment is commonly used for cooling in low-rise commercial buildings.  As PV module prices have dropped, feasibility of using solar for reducing purchased electricity has improved.   The simplest systems are utility-interactive.   There is a good coincidence between solar power availability and air conditioning power requirements since solar gain and outdoor temperature are inputs to building load.   Many low-rise commercial building have significant available roof area for solar PV arrays.  These relationships support the idea of using solar PV to  drive rooftop air conditioning equipment ito reduce purchased energy and the electrical demand on the utility grid.

4  Double-Skin’s Integrated PV for Buildings Cooling and Heating Deep Energy Refurbishment: Total Performance Prediction

Marija Todorovic, P.Eng., University of Belgrade
Double-skin’s solar PV integration has been illuminated as a cost-effective HVAC refurbishment for worldwide implementation. The second facade as a glass skin is well suited for implementing PV elements. The presentation review: mathematical modelling of PV integrated double skin’s facade’s buildings physics (including construction structures relevant heat and mass transfer phenomena, energy conversion processes and balances); related HVAC’s cooling and heating dynamics and loads calculation method development; as well as prediction of PV electricity production and HVAC (including cooling) energy demand satisfaction via building’s performance co-simulation (coupling the CFD simulated air-flow within the double skin’s facade and facade/building energy simulation).

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 39
Cutting-Edge Japanese Technologies (System and Equipment) SHASE AWARD for System and Equipment in 2015

International Design
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Shinsuke Kato, Dr.Ing., University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science
Sponsor: SHASE
If you have an old building, there are two possibilities to treat it. One is to demolish it and another is to retrofit it. This session introduces best practices in both cases. One is an environmentally friendly closed type demolishing method which was adapted for two skyscrapers in Tokyo. Another one is the retrofit project for large office complexes, whereby the water transport system for district heating and cooling was significantly improved. The third one is a medium-sized office building, in which an expanded BEMS, “Building Energy and Interactive Communication System (BEICS),” has been introduced.

1  Development and Application of an Enclosed Demolition Method with Environmental Consideration for High-Rise Buildings

Taiki Sato, Taisei Corporation
This method features an “enclosed demolition space” constructed on top of the building, where all demolition work is carried out. This helps exclude noise propagation and prevents dust from being scattered throughout the city neighborhood. In addition, it can achieve a better work environment. There are trade-off relations among these factors, so it is important to design natural ventilation appropriately. Two demolition projects helped prove the ability to reduce noise levels (by 20dB), prevent the dispersion of dust (by about 80%) and improve the thermal environment (by minus 2 degree in WBGT).

2  Energy-Saving Retrofit of Facilities in the Large Compound Building

Takashi Momose, Shimizu Corporation
In a large compound tenant building, within which a district heating and cooling system is introduced, we focused on the considerable water transport consumption and reduced it. We investigated the existing facilities and determined the situation. The method used for water transport was changed from direct to indirect method as well as a planned reduction in energy by devising pump selection and control. Moreover, the management company, designers, builders, manufacturers collaborated on a plan and helped reduce the large conveyance energy of 74%.

3  Green Building Renovation of H Office Built 35 Years Ago in Osaka: Equipment System Considering Occupants’ Behavior

Shunsuke Nakajima, Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.
For this renovation, several energy-conservation measures with adequate effectiveness and proven performance were installed. In addition, when planning this retrofit, we implemented thermal sensation votes and occupant detection devices to control the air-conditioning system based on occupants’ behavior. An expanded BEMS, the purpose of which was to enable interactive communication between occupants and facility managers, was also established to consider the occupants’ lifestyle. Furthermore, a cooling room was installed near an entrance to remove body thermal storage after outdoor activity in summer. Consequently, this renovation achieved 28% energy-conservation.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 40
Delivering Building Performance Through Collaboration and Integration

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Tim Dwyer, CEng, UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering (IEDE)
Sponsor: CIBSE ASHRAE liaison committee
CoSponsor: MTG.BIM Building Information Modeling
With an ever-increasing demand for more stringent building environmental requirements, collaboration across the building ’team’ is critical to deliver effective buildings that meet standards and performance metrics. Successful projects do not come from 'silo' working practices and increasingly the engineer will be the lead for interdisciplinary design solutions that benefit from the integrating tools and technologies as well as timely, and properly informed, client communication and interaction. Illustrated with real-world examples, this seminar explores how such enlightened thinking and collaborative methods can deliver truly high performing buildings.

1.00  Integrating Performance Goals into the Design Process

Trevor Butler, P.Eng., Archineers Consulting Ltd
More stringent performance goals of energy efficiency, health and wellness are extending the conventional scope of design teams, which increases the risk of failing to deliver these needs. Work methods such as 'fat in the design' and following a silo mentality are no longer acceptable and can lead to failure in budget, operations and quality. Increasingly the engineer will lead interdisciplinary design solutions - formulating a plan for design, construction, commissioning and operation - including architecture, building operations and post-occupation. This presentation will show that planned and programmed communication with all building stakeholders can deliver successful integrated solutions.

2.00  Communication, Communication, Communication: The Only Way of Achieving High Performance Building Projects

Sergio Sádaba, P.E., Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill Ltd
Stephen Ray, Ph.D., P.E., Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill Ltd
Building projects require many parties to succeed and even then an educated building occupant may struggle to understand and use design features. Communication is increasingly important in project delivery - although if everything is done for the client's benefit why can each party appear so antagonistic? And in international projects even 'simple' industry terms can have different interpretations. Through examples of international projects (China, Middle East, Far East, USA, and Europe) communication (or the lack of communication) resulted in problems and success stories. The main case study will be a 500+ metre high Indonesian net-zero building.

3.00  Delivering Performance

Nick Mead, FCIBSE, President CIBSE, CEng, CIBSE
Wherever in the world, built environment professionals should have a common cause – to deliver effective buildings that perform as the client expected. Buildings, whatever the use, demand enormous resources throughout their life - and, in many cases, will waste a large proportion. To maintain reputation and risk, many design for conditions that rarely occur, employing unrealistic 'safety' margins delivering compromised installations that often lack proper commissioning due to over-running programmes. Through real-world examples this will show how, by 'putting its head above the parapet' collaboratively working across the whole supply chain HVAC&R professionals can deliver truly effective buildings.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 41
Residential Smart Appliances: Enabling Electric Grid Resilience and Demand Response

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Joshua Rhodes, Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin
Technical Committee: 07.05 Smart Building Systems
In the face of challenges regarding the stability and reliability of the electric grid, and growing interest for energy-reducing solutions, significant advances in residential appliances are being made to meet these needs. Much of the 38% of total electricity use and up to 50% of peak electricity loads contributed by residential buildings in the United States are associated with residential appliances. This seminar covers recent efforts to develop, test and implement advanced residential grid-connected solutions. This diverse set of solutions includes kitchen appliances, as well as HVAC systems, water heaters, batteries, electric vehicle charging stations and photovoltaic systems.

1  Using Connected Devices in the Home to Provide Grid Services

Bethany Sparn, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
As more distributed energy resources are installed, the electric grid needs to become more nimble to support and take advantage of these renewable but intermittent sources of energy.  Many smaller loads could be controlled to provide stability to the grid and allow more clean sources of energy to be added to the grid, but the extent to which specific devices can help the grid is not yet known. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Electric Power Research Institute are characterizing the grid services of five connected devices: PV inverter, electric vehicle charging station, community-scale battery, pool pump, and thermostat.  

2  Demand-Response Performance of GE Electric Resistance and Sanden Unitary/Split-System Heat Pump Water Heater

Joseph Petersen, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
The use of heat pump water heaters (HPWH) in the residential sector will provide theoretical energy

savings of up to 63% per water heater over a typical electric resistance water heater (ERWH). However,

to a utility, energy-efficient technologies are the most desirable when they provide grid stability and

control benefits through demand-response (DR) capabilities. This presentation will discuss the DR

performance of various HPWHs compared to an ERWH as demonstrated by experiments using the side-

by-side PNNL Lab Homes. Experiments included testing each water heater for two typical

types of DR events: peak curtailments due to oversupply, and balancing reserves.

3  Residential Grid-Connected Smart Appliances: Laboratory Vs. Field Performance

J. Carlos Haiad, P.E., Southern California Edison
One of the benefits of the smart grid is the ability to leverage grid-connected, demand-response (DR) ready appliances to help consumers better manage their energy costs and electric utilities better manage their power distribution. This presentation will examine the field performance of DR ready refrigerators, clothes washers, and dishwashers in three blocks of homes over a period of nearly two years, and compare their performance with a series of DR testing conducted in the laboratory prior to their field deployment.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 42
Trending Research and Advances in Simulation

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., University of Maryland
Sponsor: Publishing and Education Council
This session offers presentations based on a select group of recently published papers from the ASHRAE journal, "Science and Technology in the Built Environment," regarding new research in refrigerants with low global warming potential, response strategies for variable air volume (VAV) HVAC systems and fast fluid dynamics.

1  Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of Ancillary Service Demand Response Strategies for VAV HVAC Systems

David H. Blum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Leslie Norford, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Output variability and low generating inertia associated with solar and wind electric power generation increase the requirement of grid-scale flexibility services, called ancillary services. Commercial buildings consume a significant portion of electricity in the United States and can help provide demand-side ancillary services through use of their HVAC systems.  In order to investigate the performance of a common commercial HVAC system while providing ancillary services, a dynamic model of a representative variable air volume system was developed.  The model has been used to simulate and evaluate the provision of spinning reserve and regulation ancillary services using common demand response strategies.

2  Accelerating Fast Fluid Dynamics with a Coarse-Grid Projection Scheme

Mingang Jin, Ph.D., Purdue University
Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Purdue University
Wei Liu, Purdue University
Fast fluid dynamics (FFD) is an intermediate model that can provide fast and informative building airflow simulations. To further increase the computing speed of FFD, this study proposed applying the coarse-grid projection (CGP) scheme in FFD, which solves the momentum equation on the fine grid level and the pressure equation on the coarse grid level. Through validating the CGP scheme with building airflows of varying complexities, this study found that it could significantly accelerate simulation speed of FFD while not causing negative impact on the simulation accuracy.

3  Performance Ranking of Refrigerants with Low Global Warming Potential

Mark Kedzierski, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
J. Steven Brown, Ph.D., P.E., The Catholic University of America
Junemo Koo, Ph.D., Kyung Hee University
This presentation describes an evaluation of the cycle performance of thirty-nine refrigerants identified in the AHRI low global warming potential (GWP) Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation Program (Low-GWP AREP) in a typical air-conditioner.  A methodology was developed using weighting factors to rank the alternative refrigerants either emphasizing the importance of large COP or the importance of reduced system size.  The two ranking methodologies produced different rankings of the alternative refrigerants; however, the top three ranked refrigerants had at least two refrigerants in common with each other.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Technical Paper Session 5
Building Modeling Simulation

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Sheila Hayter, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
The papers in this session delve into different aspects of building modeling. One paper focuses on the modeling of metal building insulation assemblies, while the second paper looks at the controls algorithms for the most efficient night setback parameters. The third paper tackles recent refinements to the radiant time series method (RTSM) as part of 1616-RP.

1  Improved Treatment of Weather Conditions in the Radiant Time Series Method (RP-1616) (OR-16-013)

Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University
Laura E Southard, P.E., Oklahoma State University
This paper provides an overview of recent refinements to the Radiant Time Series Method (RTSM) as part of 1616-RP. These refinements include replacing the ASHRAE three-parameter (A,B,C) clear sky model with a new globally-applicable model, introducing new design day temperature profiles, updating the weather data, and improving the treatment of interior shading in the fenestration model. In addition, the sensitivity of the calculated cooling loads to the weather-related refinements is investigated with a parametric study.

2  A General Approach for Predicting the Thermal Performance of Metal Building Fiberglass Insulation Assemblies (OR-16-014)

M. K. Choudhary, Ph.D., P.E., Owens Corning Center of Science and Technology
This paper extends the application of a correlation developed previously by the author for the overall heat transfer coefficients (the U-factors) of single layered fiberglass Metal Building (MB) insulation assemblies to assemblies where insulation is used in a manner designed to fill up the space (the “cavity”) between the two consecutive structural elements (purlins or girts). These assemblies may involve either single or multiple insulation layers and the cavity may be filled to various extents. The paper describes a general technical approach to calculate the thermal resistances of various regions of a MB insulation assembly, namely regions beyond, underneath, and above the structural units.

3  Implementation of an Adaptive Occupancy and Building Learning Temperature Setback Algorithm (OR-16-015)

H. Burak Gunay, Carleton University
William O'Brien, Ph.D., Carleton University
Ian Beausoleil-Morrison, Carleton University
Jayson Bursill, Carleton University
The occupancy patterns in office buildings have been becoming increasingly diverse. And, even in cases where the occupancy periods are still rigid, the time needed to bring a room from nighttime setback temperatures to the setpoint temperatures not only change in time but also vary between offices. Consequently, operators have been challenged to choose conservatively short temperature setback periods. In recognition of these challenges, a self-adaptive control algorithm that can learn the recurring occupancy patterns and the parameters of a model predicting the indoor temperature response was implemented in a southwest-facing shared office space in Ottawa, Canada.

4  Investigating the Effects of Turbulence and Pre-mixed Air/Methane Fuel Combustion on the Performance of a Miniature Gas Turbine:  Computer Numerical Simulation (OR-16-016)

Ali M. Hasan, CEng, KEO International Consulting Engineers
Stationary gas turbines used in industrial applications can be run using pre-mixed air/fuel systems. Though pre-mixed air/fuel systems are widely established, research continues to further develop the efficiency of such engines. This paper uses computer numerical simulation in analyzing the effects of the pre-mixed air/fuel composition on the performance of a miniature gas turbine. The composition of the fuel-air pre-mixture was varied, results were recorded and compared. Effects on turbulence intensity in the combustion zone for various pre-mixed air/fuel compositions were monitored and compared. The analysis has shown that performance can be optimized with an optimal air/fuel pre-mixture, and that this optimal performance coincides with peak turbulence intensity at the combustion chamber downstream of the pre-mixed air/fuel injectors.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Technical Paper Session 6
Refrigerant and Refrigeration Systems

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jeff Gatlin, Thompson Engineers
The papers in this session are fairly diverse. The first paper focuses on the modeling of dispersing refrigerant. The second paper investigates liquid overfeed and DX refrigeration performance and the third paper looks at Einstein’s refrigerator.

1  A Numerical Study of Refrigerant Dispersion in Single and Multiple Connected Spaces (OR-16-017)

Christopher R. Laughman, Ph.D., Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
Saleh Nabi, Ph.D., Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
Piyush Grover, Ph.D., Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
While the possible impact of refrigerant leaks and subsequent dispersion in an occupied space pertains to a wide variety of applications, dynamic models that accurately describe dispersion phenomena in the built environment have not been extensively explored in the literature. This paper builds on previous work by assessing the performance of well-mixed models via a comparison to computational fluid dynamics simulations and studying the behavior of refrigerant dispersion in multiple connected spaces. Results indicate that the well-mixed models are not able to capture variation in the geometric parameters very accurately, and should be used cautiously, while the studies of the dynamics in multiple spaces highlights the importance of the location of ventilation sources and sinks.

2  Investigation of Liquid Overfeed and DX Refrigeration Systems Performance (OR-16-018)

Syed Zahid Hussain Rizvi, Ph.D., Johnson Controls Inc - IR Industrial Refrigeration
This paper investigates the performance of liquid overfeed and DX refrigeration systems and includes components performance and system balance. This project includes the design of two refrigeration circuits, liquid overfeed flooded and DX with a common condenser, and analyzes the performance of the heat exchangers and their impact on the overall circuit’s performance. Several design techniques and methods are considered, including geometry and construction of heat exchangers. The performance of the two circuits is compared for four operating temperatures: -20°C (-4°F), -10°C (14°F), 0°C (32°F) and 5°C (4°F) and analyzed to ascertain circuits operation. DX evaporators are often utilized operating at -10°C (14°F) and below for relatively small duty systems, below 25kW (7.1 TR). However, liquid overfeed flooded evaporators’ are rarely seen practically for systems in this range. The performance of the DX and liquid overfeed flooded evaporators’ is also analyzed for small duties at the four operating conditions.

3  The Einstein-Szilard Refrigerator: An Experimental Exploration (OR-16-019)

Keng Wai Chan, Ph.D., P.E., University Sains Malaysia
Malcolm McCulloch, Ph.D., University of Oxford
The eighty-year-old single pressure absorption refrigeration system invented by Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard is attractive as it has no mechanical moving parts and can be driven by heat alone. The literature on the refrigeration system is scarce and only theoretical analyses are available. In this paper, adversities of the primitive design and the operation of the refrigerator prototype are discussed. The prototype is able to achieve temperatures between 8°C and 14°C. Five pairs of heat inputs between 53 W and 111 W are studied. Cooling capacities decrease (from 34 W to 15 W) when the generator heat input increases, but cooling capacities increase (from 17 W to 30 W) when the bubble pump heat input increases. The highest COP is 0.25 when the heat inputs to generator is 53 W and to bubble pump is 89 W. The ideal cooling capacity and COP are 40 W and 0.28, respectively.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Conference Paper Session 14
Building Modeling and Optimization

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Daniel Pettway, Hobbs & Associates
How can we better model buildings and HVAC systems? The papers in this session focus on the early design stage of a sustainable project and how better communication and databases of design knowledge can assist the process. The session also includes information on how to model cooling towers more effectively.

1  Using the Poppe's Mathematical Method to Model the Thermodynamic Behavior of Evaporative Countercurrent Water Cooling Towers to Optimize Operation (OR-16-C048)

Marcio Nunes Sr., M.D., IPT - Institute for Research and Technology
This paper refers to a study on the application of the thermodynamic analysis method proposed by
POPPE to model the thermodynamic behavior of countercurrent water cooling towers, to improve
performance. This method replaces the traditional method used today, more simple and less accurate, proposed by
MERKEL. The objective is to produce a mathematical routine using this method, to be used in supervisory systems in order to optimize the operation of these towers, looking at energy savings.

2  A Simplified and Scalable Heat Flow-Based Approach for Optimizing the Form, Massing and Orientation for High Performance Building Design (OR-16-C049)

Zhaozhou Meng, Syracuse University
Jianshun Zhang, Ph.D., Syracuse University
Early stage design has fundamental impact on building performance as they place significant limits on later design options. The objective of this study was to develop a simplified and scalable approach for optimizing the form, massing and orientation in early design stage. In this approach, a reference building was first defined with pre-selected building materials and assemblies and HVAC system for the intended climate and site conditions. The energy performance of this reference building was estimated by whole building energy simulation such as EnergyPlus at the same time. Heat fluxes and irradiation fluxes received by these interior surfaces of enclosure were also extracted from the reference building simulation.

3  Mixed Methods Applied to the Building Energy Quotient (OR-16-C050)

Bryce Johnson, P.E., Davis Design, Inc
This paper is about the application of Mixed Methods for design professionals and social science researchers.   The purpose is to describe an intellectual commons which integrates qualitative and quantitative data related to sustainable design and operation of the built environment. Once described, the proposed intellectual commons would include a form of communication based on data described by symbolism and logic to be shared by the broad range of worldviews in our global society. This form of communication models that which is common in the process of problem solving for many academic and professional disciplines.

4  A Visual Analytics-Based Methodology for Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Building Energy Design Alternatives (OR-16-C051)

Ranojoy Dutta, View Dynamic Glass
T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., The Design School/The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
George Runger, Ph.D., Arizona State University
Designing energy efficient buildings has been traditionally viewed as an optimization problem with a few stipulated constraints which could be tackled by mathematical methods relying on detailed computer simulations. Recently it has been argued that the conceptual building design process should inherently and explicitly contain an interactive process which captures the synergy between automated performance prediction with the human capabilities to perceive, evaluate and ultimately select one (or a few) suitable solution(s). The need to address multi-criteria requirements makes it even more valuable for a designer to know the “latitude” or “degrees of freedom” he/she has in changing certain design variables while achieving preset criteria such as energy performance, life cycle cost, environmental impacts, etc.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 43
Cutting-Edge Japanese Technologies (Cutting-Edge Technologies) SHASE AWARD for Non-Industrial Buildings in 2015

International Design
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Shin-ichi Tanabe, Ph.D., Department of Architecture, Waseda University
Sponsor: SHASE
This session introduces three newly constructed buildings. One is the headquarters building of a major construction company, introducing various technologies such as ceiling radiation panel cooling, desiccant air-conditioning system and so on. The second is a university campus where CO2 emissions were reduced by 40 percent over other similar campuses. Major measures included large-scale thermal storage tanks and low-temperature low-volume air distribution units. The third one is owned by a life insurance company, featuring the installation of a large-scale central VOID (40 x 40 meters) and an air-type panel cooling system as well as others.

1  Urban High-Rise Office Building That Contributes to a Sustainable Society

Mitsuhiro Takahashi, Shimizu Corporation
The concept of a sustainable society and urban regeneration was pursued with three keywords in this project; the global environment, human beings and local connections. Various new environmental technologies were also installed to maximize the reduction in CO2 emissions and improve workplace productivity. The most remarkable feature was the installation of a ceiling radiant air conditioning system of 30,000 sqm which is the largest of its kind in Japan. This building was designed mainly with radiant air-conditioning as part of efforts to achieve net ZEB (Zero-Energy Building) in the near future. On completion, continuous measurement and evaluation have been conducted.

2  Energy Conservation Application on University Campus in Japan with TES

Hirokazu Nakamura, NIKKEN SEKKEI LTD
This university campus is the latest urban campus designed on the concept of saving energy and CO2 emission, power load leveling and high-performance disaster-prevention, as a top-class low-carbon campus among science and engineering universities. In this campus, newly developed technologies, proven technologies and experimental trials have all been adopted. At the planning stage, we focused on its specific "usage of facilities" in science and engineering universities, unlike liberal arts colleges and office buildings.

3  Office Building with a Large-Scale Void

Takayoshi Shibahara, Takenaka Corporation
This building is a complex facility of office and training accommodation for a life insurance company. The greatest feature of this building is a massive void (40m×40m), which is located in the center of the floor (100m×100m). Office spaces are arranged around this large void. This building introduces natural light and natural ventilation that utilize a large void. It plans to minimize the skin load while introducing natural light and wind, air-conditioning and ventilation plans to realize a large space office, conducted the air-type radiation panel by the  equivalent temperature control. As a result, we realized 1,185MJ/sqm this year.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 44
Energy Savings Technologies for Hospitals

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jeremy Fauber, P.E., Heapy Engineering
Technical Committee: 09.06 Healthcare Facilities
New and existing hospitals regularly have an EUI above 200 kBTU/sq. ft. due to continuous operation and code requirements. The first step toward net zero energy usage for hospitals is a reduction in the quantity of energy required to operate the facility. This program reviews a new facility that achieved an Energy Star rating of 97 and strategies for reducing energy usage in existing buildings, including a waterside economizer system that utilizes energy recovery.

1  Design Highlights of an Energy Efficient Community Hospital in Clay County, Florida

Ben Roseborough, P.E., TLC Engineering for Architecture
The new St. Vincent’s Medical Center Clay County was a collaborative effort between the design team, the commissioning team and the owner, Ascension Health.  From the beginning of the project, Ascension Health was an advocate of achieving optimal energy efficiency at the facility. TLC provided mechanical engineering services and designed high-performance energy-efficient systems. The St. Vincent’s Medical Center Clay County earned the Energy Star® rating of 97, which means the facility is performing in the top 3 percent of its peer facilities in the country for energy efficiency.

2  Improving Chilled Water Plant Operation

Brian Arbogast, P.E., Heapy Engineering
Many facilities require chilled water year round to serve fan coils or process loads.  This typically requires running a chiller year round or purchasing additional equipment to produce chilled water through free cooling cycles.  We will explore other opportunities for producing chilled water with and without implementation of cooling towers, heat exchangers and heat recovery chillers.

3  Reduction of Energy Usage through Controls Tune-Ups and Retro-Commissioning

Pavel Likhonin, P.E., Dewberry
Many existing facilities, such as hospitals, operate inefficiently due to sequence and operational overrides that try to fix an issue at one point in time. As time goes on, many of these temporary “fixes” end up being permanent, building operation keeps deviating away from the original design intent, and typically ends up using a lot more energy. Through retro-commissioning and controls tune-ups, these facilities can identify issues and provide a permanent solution.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 45
Indoor Environmental Quality

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Reinhard Radermacher, Ph.D., University of Maryland
Sponsor: Publishing and Education Council
This session offers presentations based on a select group of recently published papers from the ASHRAE journal, "Science and Technology in the Built Environment," regarding new research in UV-photocatalytic oxidation, and emissions from ozone reactions with human-worn clothing.

1  Evaluation of UV-Photocatalytic Oxidation of Light Alcohols at Sub-PPM Concentrations

Fariborz Haghighat, Ph.D., P.E., Concordia University
Alireza Aghighi, Concordia University
Lexuan Zhong, Ph.D., Concordia University

Chang-Seo Lee, Ph.D., Concordia University
This article reports the outcome of an experimental study on the evaluation of photocatalytic oxidation reactions of light alcoholic volatile organic compounds with nano TiO2 catalysts at different indoor air conditions. The removal efficiencies of tested individual volatile organic compounds and their by-products were compared at three different parts per billion-level challenge concentrations. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were identified as primary by-products, and no significant catalyst deactivation was found during the experiment. The reaction pathways and the selectivity of the reactions were investigated at different relative humidity levels.

2  Numerical Modeling of VOC Emissions from Ozone Reactions with Human-Worn Clothing in an Aircraft Cabin

Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Purdue University
Aakash Chand Rai, Ph.D., Purdue University
Chao-Hsin Lin, Ph.D., Boeing
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are indoor air pollutants with many adverse health effects for humans. Ozone reactions with human surfaces are an important source of VOCs in aircraft cabins. This investigation developed empirical models for computing the emissions of several major VOCs from ozone reactions with human-worn clothing. The empirical models were used to compute the contributions of human surfaces to these VOCs in an aircraft cabin mockup under different environmental conditions after they were compared with the corresponding experimental data. The models can determine ozone-initiated VOC concentrations in the breathing zones of the passengers.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 46
Orlando’s Energy Plan: Now and in the Future

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: John Constantinide, Alpha MRC Architects Engineers
In every major American city, buildings account for the majority of energy use and air pollution – even more than the transportation or industrial sectors. If cities want to be more competitive and more resilient against unexpected energy and economic challenges, they must find ways to boost the efficiency of their building stock. This presentation will unveil the investments that Orlando is making to optimize our use of natural resources, an overview of City Energy Project initiatives, and share what the City of Orlando is working on to become a national leader in energy efficiency for new and existing buildings.

1  Orlando’s Energy Plan: Now and in the Future

Ian L. LaHiff, P.E., City of Orlando
Chris Castro, City of Orlando
In every major American city, buildings account for the majority of energy use and air pollution – even more than the transportation or industrial sectors. If cities want to be more competitive and more resilient against unexpected energy and economic challenges, they must find ways to boost the efficiency of their building stock. This presentation will unveil the investments that Orlando is making to optimize our use of natural resources, an overview of City Energy Project initiatives, and share what the City of Orlando is working on to become a national leader in energy efficiency for new and existing buildings.

2  Orlando’s Energy Plan: Now and in the Future (2)

Chris Castro, City of Orlando
In every major American city, buildings account for the majority of energy use and air pollution – even more than the transportation or industrial sectors. If cities want to be more competitive and more resilient against unexpected energy and economic challenges, they must find ways to boost the efficiency of their building stock. This presentation will unveil the investments that Orlando is making to optimize our use of natural resources, an overview of City Energy Project initiatives, and share what the City of Orlando is working on to become a national leader in energy efficiency for new and existing buildings.

9:45 AM-11:00 AM
Seminar 47
The Campus Planning Question: To Centralize Energy or Decentralize?

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Tim M. Anderson, P.E., Applied Engineering Services, Inc
Technical Committee: 06.02 District Energy
This seminar focuses on campus energy planning to centralize or decentralize. A short introductory presentation is provided naming the key issues on the topic, such as energy efficiency, maintenance and operational cost. Two case studies follow to present a central campus plan and a decentralized campus plan. The case studies include the key decisions made at the beginning stages which swayed the owner's decision.

1  A Case Study in Central Plant Design

Blake Ellis, P.E., Burns & McDonnell
This brief presentation introduces the topic of the seminar - centralized vs decentralized heating and cooling. Major topics that will be addressed include: Background - History of centralized (district) energy systems. District Energy System Summary - Description of a district energy system along with its strengths and weaknesses. Decentralized System Summary - Description of a decentralized energy system along with its strengths and weaknesses. Current Trends - Briefly describe the current industry trends that is seeing some district energy systems being replaced with decentralized system.

2  Two Case Studies in Centralized Vs. Decentralized Energy Approach

Jeff Urlaub, P.E., MEP Associates
Centralized energy systems supply steam, chilled water and/or hot water to multiple buildings on a campus.  Decentralized energy systems supply utilities to a smaller group of buildings.  Key factors that need to be considered when determining if a centralized or decentralized energy approach should be used for a multi building campus are: Existing Building Systems. Existing Central Plant Equipment. Existing Campus Distribution. Campus Thermal Profile. Capital, Operating and Maintenance Costs. Future Campus Building Expansion Plans. Carbon and Energy Footprint. Life Cycle Cost Analysis. The presentation will present two case studies with a comparison of a centralized vs. decentralized energy approach.

3  A 20-Year Decision: The Next Heating System for a Veteran’s Home Campus

Tim M. Anderson, P.E., Applied Engineering Services, Inc
The Indiana Veterans Home is an active short-term care/independent living facility for retired veterans located in West Lafayette, IN. The site was originally constructed on 1896 and utilizes steam for heating. The current steam system age is approximately 40 years old and in need of repair. Options considered in a study for a heating replacement included a steam system replacement, conversion to centralized heating hot water, decentralized heating hot water and conversion to a geothermal heat pump. This presentation focuses on factors to consider when looking at centralized vs. decentralized solutions for a campus heating system.

11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 55
Don't Call it a Comeback! The New and Improved Design-Build Survival Guide

Design Build
S331BC (Orange County Convention Center)
Chair: E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., MDCSystems
Technical Committee: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education
CoSponsor: 07.02 HVAC&R Contractors and Design Build Firms
Long ago in a land not too far away, TC 1.7 published the ASHRAE Survival Guide to Design-Build. Well, since that time, the design build (DB) delivery method has exploded. In Atlanta we listened to the members share their questions and sorrows with DB. In this seminar the speakers give the audience a first look at the new, improved and updated Design-Build Survival Guide.

1  The Design Build Survival Guide 2015

E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., MDCSystems
The ASHRAE Design Build Survival Guide was first published in 2004. Maybe it was a little bit ahead of its time, but you won't see many areas of the country or project types where design build has not been discussed if not actively pursued as a delivery process. This seminar will take the input gathered from ASHRAE members in Atlanta and present a draft of the new, updated Guide for the membership.

2  The Design Build Survival Guide II: The Contractor's Story

James Fields, Superior Mechanical Services, Inc
The ASHRAE Design Build Survival Guide was first published in 2004. Maybe it was a little bit ahead of its time, but you won't see many areas of the country or project types where design build has not been discussed if not actively pursued as a delivery process. This seminar will take the input gathered from  ASHRAE members in Atlanta and present a draft of the new, updated Guide providing persepctive from the construction\contractor point of view too.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Conference Paper Session 15
Building Envelope Applications

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Ann Peratt, PKMR Engineers
This session covers five papers that cover building envelope systems. Topics covered include insulation performance and installation, thermal resistance calculations, and drapery used for shading. The attendee will learn about insulation applications as well as some of the latest research regarding shading.

2  In-Situ Measurement of Building Thermal Resistance with a Plane Heater (OR-16-C053)

Yue Zou, Ph.D., P.E., Donghua University
Haigang Yu, Donghua University
Yun Liu, Dianwei Ltd
In this paper, a new methodology for the field measurement of thermal resistance of building envelope is proposed. A plane heater such as electric blanket is applied to heat one side of the test wall and heat flux transducers are fixed on the other side of wall to measure the heat flux through the measurement section. This could reduce the equipment size significantly and make the installation more easily compared to the traditional hot-box method but still can create enough temperature difference and one-direction heat flux to calculate the thermal resistance of the wall in a relatively short period.

3  Thermal Insulation Performances of Various Opaque Building Envelopes Considering Thermal Bridges (OR-16-C054)

Jin-Hee Song, Ewha Womans University
Seung-Yeong Song, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University
Jae-han Lim, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University
Min-Ju Park, Civil & Building R&D group, R&D division, Hyundai engineering and construction co,. LTD
Heat losses and gains through opaque building envelopes (such as walls, roofs and floors) significantly affect the overall energy consumption of buildings. To reduce energy consumption of buildings, it is important to ensure that building envelopes exhibit excellent thermal insulation performance. However, the actual insulation performance of building envelopes varies depending on components and construction methods even if the same insulations of equal thickness are used. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate thermal insulation performances of various opaque building envelopes considering thermal bridges and to discuss methods of reducing thermal bridges.

4  Off-Normal Solar-Optical Performance of Pleated Drapery: Simulation Versus Measurement (OR-16-C055)

Michael Collins, Ph.D., P.E., University of Waterloo
Ned Huang, University of Waterloo
John Wright, Ph.D., P.E., University of Waterloo
In recent years, significant advances have been made in modeling fenestration with shading attachments. Most shading devices have great potential for reducing both peak building cooling load and annual energy consumption through the control of solar gains, and the ability to quantify their impact is important. As part of an ASHRAE sponsored research project, several new models were developed for various types of shading devices. One of the most complex of these was the pleated drapery model. This model used off-normal solar-optical fabric properties to predict the off-normal solar-optical properties of the pleated drapery. In doing so, the model assumed that the system could be represented as a series of uniformly arranged rectangular pleats. The presented work aims to validate model performance. A Broad-Area Illumination Integrating Sphere (BAI-IS) was used to perform measurements on a pleated drape sample.  Three pleated drape samples composed of fabrics with different transmittance and reflectance were used in measurements. Results were compared to the model output for different pleating shape and incidence angles.

5  An Examination of Keyes Fabric Properties Chart: Almost 50 Years Later (OR-16-C056)

Michael Collins, Ph.D., P.E., University of Waterloo
Ned Huang, University of Waterloo
John Wright, Ph.D., P.E., University of Waterloo
From the late 1940's to the late 1960's, significant efforts were made by ASHVE and ASHRAE to evaluate and quantify the impact of window shading. In the context of the now defunct Shading Coefficient (SC), well known researchers such as Parmelee, Ozisik, Schutrum, Farber, Yellott and Keyes laid the groundwork for much of the work that followed decades later. Of particular interest are the efforts of Keyes, published by ASHRAE in 1967. In that work, he presented measurements of the solar-optical properties of fabrics determined using a custom made apparatus. The main contribution of this work was a method of classifying fabric properties based either on visible inspection, or property measurements. The result was the Keyes Universal Chart, which has been in the Fenestration Chapter of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals since the 1970's.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Conference Paper Session 16
Heat Pump Applications for Domestic Hot Water

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Kimberly Pierson, Moser Mayer Phoenix Associates
This session explores several issues related to use of heat pumps to provide domestic hot water, ranging from codes to the impact on space heating requirements, use as back-up for solar domestic hot water systems and gas-fired heat pumps. Authors end up recommending code changes to increase use of heat pump water heating in California and noted that while they saved energy compared to gas-fired or electric resistance water heating in a Canadian test, there were no overall energy cost savings compared with a gas-fired water heater.  Other authors suggest that a heat pump may be more suitable for back-up of a solar water heater than resistance heating and that a gas-fired absorption heat pump not only reduces the amount of gas use, but has substantially smaller gas line requirements.

1  Getting Heat Pump Water Heaters into California (OR-16-C057)

James D. Lutz, P.E., Hot Water Research
The single-family residential building stock in California is dominated by gas-fired storage water heaters. This is a result of the building energy efficieny code. For decades the water heater energy consumption calculated in the budget compliance tools has made it very hard to justify using an electric resistance water heater. As a result very few electric water heaters have been installed. The compliance tools were written in a way that poorly calculates the hot water load. Furthermore the calculated time of energy use by water heaters does not account for the buffering effect of a storage tank. An important part of the budget calculation uses a time dependent valuation of electrical generation to capture the societal costs of using electricity for every hour of a typical year. This has meant that the actual effects of the time difference between the hot water use and the energy consumption of electric storage water heaters are not being evaluated properly. The combined effect of these oversights has inadvertently effectively blocked the adoption of heat pump water heaters in new construction in California. This presents a major obstacle for reaching the state's net-zero energy and greenhouse gas emission targets. This paper describes the way the building energy efficiency code currently calculates the water heater energy budget. Problems in the calculation procedure are explained. Our knowledge about residential hot water systems has increased greatly in recent years. These research efforts have significantly improved our ability to characterize these systems. Revisions to the building code calculations are suggested based on this increased knowledge. An enhanced hot water load calculator has recently been adopted by RESNET. Detailed field studies over the past several years of residential hot water draw patterns provide a source for more realistic draw schedules to use in the calculations. An open source water heat simulation model developed for utility incentive programs in the Northwest could be adapted to calculate the amount and timing of energy use. The role of demand response controls to reduce the impact of electric heat pump water heaters on the grid are also discussed.

2  The Impact of a Heat Pump Water Heater on an R2000 Home (OR-16-C058)

Martin Thomas, P.Eng., CanmetENERGY, NRCan
The purpose of this paper is to study the energy impact of operating a HPWH in the basement of an R-2000 equivalent house, i.e. the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT) twin house test facility, located in Ottawa Canada. We included four key parameters in the study: Did the operation of the HPWH have any adverse impacts on the basement air temperature? Was the HPWH operating more efficiently than the baseline water heaters? What if any were the impacts on energy consumption during the heating and cooling seasons and were there energy cost savings during the Heating and Cooling Seasons?

3  The Performance of an Auxiliary Heat Pump Water Heater Installed in a Dual-Tank System in a Net Zero Energy Residence (OR-16-C059)

Tania Ullah, National Institute of Standards and Technology
William M. Healy, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
In the effort to achieve net-zero operation of residential buildings, advanced water heating technologies are vitally important.  Solar thermal is the most cost and energy efficient, renewable energy alternative for water heating, but the use of electric resistance as the backup to solar thermal may no longer be the most suitable option. This paper explores the year-long performance of a 189 liter (50 gallon) heat pump water heater (HPWH) serving as an auxiliary unit to an active indirect solar thermal water heater with a 303 liter (80 gallon) storage tank in a net-zero energy test home at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg campus.

4  Field Testing of a Prototype Residential Gas-Fired Heat Pump Water Heater (OR-16-C060)

Neil P. Leslie, P.E., Gas Technology Institute
Paul Glanville, P.E., Gas Technology Institute
Hillary Vadnal, Gas Technology Institute
Michael Garrabrant, Stone Mountain Technologies, Inc.
Roger Stout, Stone Mountain Technologies, Inc.
Approximately half of water heaters sold in the U.S. and Canada for residential applications are natural gas fired storage water heaters, and for these products the maximum steady state thermal efficiency of available products is approximately 96%, with transient rated efficiencies much lower.  To move beyond the thermal efficiency limits of standard condensing-efficiency residential gas water heating equipment, this paper describes an effort to develop an economic gas-fired ammonia-water absorption heat pump deployed as a packaged storage water heater.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Conference Paper Session 17
Improvements in Building Systems

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Joy Altwies, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wisconsin-Madison
In this session the attendee learns about advances in several building system technologies. The authors present their findings on VRF systems and air distribution. Some studies are done using a practical, case-study approach while others are using modeling to identify how to accomplish improvements in HVAC systems.

1  Analysis of Supply Airflow Rate on the Performance of Radiant Cooling Systems (OR-16-C061)

Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., AnSight LLC
Radiant cooling and heating systems can potentially provide significant energy savings, possible peak load reduction, and better thermal comfort for the occupants. Such systems primarily depend on the radiant mode, instead of convective mode, for the transfer of heat within a space. These systems are often required to supply ventilation air to maintain certain indoor air quality and humidity in the space. The air flow patterns of the supply air and resulting buoyant airflows in the space can affect the performance of radiant systems. The flow rate and temperature of the supply air; location and type of supply air diffusers; and strength and location of interior sensible heat loads can affect the relative share of radiative and convective heat transfer in the space. This paper with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis will evaluate the impact of various parameters of the supply air including the supply airflow rate, supply air temperature, and location and type of diffusers on the operation of radiant systems.

2  Energy Saving Measures in a Classroom Using Low Pressure Drop Ceiling Supply Device: a Field Study (OR-16-C062)

Harald Andersson, University of Gävle
Mathias Cehlin, Ph.D., University of Gävle
Bahram Moshfegh, Ph.D., Linkoping University
Between 1990 - 2006 the energy use of the ventilation systems in Swedish schools has doubled. This is mainly due to an increase of cooling demand which results in higher air-flow rates. In recent years many schools changed from displacement ventilation (DV) to mixing ventilation (MV), because MV causes fewer problems with thermal discomfort, although DV has higher ventilation efficiency. Studies show that 87% of Swedish schools use constant air volume (CAV) and it’s estimated that a change to variable air volume (VAV) could save 0.12-0.33 TWh per year. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate whether it’s possible to replace DV with MV to create a comfortable indoor climate in a typical classroom and at the same time decrease the energy use by using VAV and Low Pressure Drop Ceiling Supply Device (LPDCSD).

3  Development and Validation of a New VRF Model in EnergyPlus (OR-16-C063)

Tianzhen Hong, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Kaiyu Sun, LBNL
Rongpeng Zhang, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Oren Schetrit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Ryohei Hinokuma, Daikin US Corporation
Shinichi Kasahara, Daikin Industries
Yoshinori Yura, Daikin Industries
This paper introduces a new model to simulate the energy performance of VRF systems in heat pump operation mode (either cooling or heating is provided but not simultaneously). The main features of the new model are the introduction of separate curves for capacities and power inputs of indoor and outdoor units instead of overall curves for the entire system, the allowing of variable evaporating and condensing temperatures in the indoor and outdoor units, and variable fan speed based on the temperature and zone load in the indoor unit. These features enhance the accuracy of the estimation of VRF system performance in both heating and cooling modes, especially during low part load operations.

4  Extremum Seeking Controls for Efficient Operation of Multi-Functional Variable Refrigerant Flow System (OR-16-C064)

Liujia Dong, University of Texas at Dallas
Yaoyu Li, University of Texas at Dallas
Timothy Salsbury, Ph.D., Johnson Controls, Inc.
John House, Ph.D., Johnson Controls, Inc.
Zhigang Wu, Ph.D., Johnson Controls, Inc., Asia Engineering Center
Lee Wang, Ph.D., Johnson Controls, Inc., Asia Engineering Center
The variable refrigerant flow (VRF) technology provides multi-split ductless configurations that typically use one outdoor unit (ODU) and multiple indoor units (IDU). VRF systems offer many advantages, such as elimination of duct loss of air distribution, design and installation flexibility, compactness, integrated controls, quiet operation and reduced maintenance cost. Also, multi-functional VRF (MFVRF) systems have achieved remarkable development, offering flexible operation of individualized zoning control, i.e. making possible simultaneous heating and cooling in addition to cooling or heating only modes. Meanwhile, such flexibility further complicates the operation and control due to diversified system configurations and highly variable operational loads. This paper proposes extremum seeking control (ESC) schemes for MFVRF system under different operational modes, in order to maximize the efficiency provided the satisfaction of thermal comfort.

5  An EnergyPlus/OpenStudio-Based Fault Simulator for Buildings (OR-16-C065)

Zheng O`Neill, Ph.D., P.E., University of Alabama
Yanfei Li, University of Alabama
Building energy systems often consume in excess of 20% more electrical energy than was the design intent largely because of equipment performance degradation (e.g. filter or heat exchanger fouling), equipment failures, or detrimental interactions among subsystems such as cooling and then reheating of conditioned air. Identifying the root causes of efficiency losses is challenging because a gradual erosion of performance can be difficult to detect.  This paper is focusing on the faults that are implemented using OpenStudio measures. These measures are created in OpenStudio Application or the Parametric Analysis Tool, which are written in Ruby scripts. These faults related measures act like add-on marco to make changes to the energy model to reflect faults.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 48
Advanced Non-Vapor Compression Cycles

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Technical Committee: 01.01 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics
Cooling technology requirements have moved beyond our basic needs for comfort and food safety, and their new development should meet extra requirements, such as compliance to new efficiency standards and legal codes on refrigerant. ASHRAE members have demonstrated a lot of development in these aspects for vapor compression technology, but what is happening to other alternatives? In this seminar, the new breakthroughs of three alternative cooling technologieselectrocaloric cooling, magnetocaloric refrigeration and elastocaloric coolingare explored for their potentials to meet the new challenges. The presentations also cover their theories and experimental results, including potential commercial development.

1  Electrocaloric Cooling: Present Advances and Future Perspectives

Omar Abdelaziz, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Qiming Zhang, Ph.D., Penn State University
Electrocaloric effect (ECE) is the ability of a dielectric to change its temperature and entropy as an electric field is applied and released. It provides an effective means to realize solid-state cooling devices that are environmentally benign and potentially highly energy efficient. Recent breakthroughs are presented in ferroelectric materials exhibiting giant electrocaloric effect, where an adiabatic temperature change DT > 40 oC has been obtained in several nano-structured ferroelectrics.  EC cooling devices based on these new materials, as well as challenges and future perspectives are discussed.

2  Magnetocaloric Refrigeration, Potentials, State of the Art and Challenges

Ayyoub Mehdizadeh Momen, Ph.D., Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ORNL is collaborating with GEA on developing the world's first magnetocaloric refrigerator. The technology could yield energy savings of 25% over baseline vapor compression systems. A drastic upgrade in refrigerator design using magnetocaloric materials (MCM) eliminates the need for refrigerants but creates new challenges ― one is how to transfer heat to or from the solid MCM material using a heat transfer fluid. In this presentation, the basics of magnetocaloric refrigeration and the performance potential will be discussed, followed by describing state of art systems. The technical challenges and potential solutions for this emerging technology will also be reviewed.

3  Testing Results of Compressive Elastocaloric Cooling Prototype

Yunho Hwang, Ph.D., University of Maryland
Elastocaloric cooling has been recognized as a potential alternative and supplementary technology to the state-of-the-art vapor compression cooling systems. It is based on the elastocaloric effect found in shape memory alloys associated with the solid-solid martensitic phase transformation induced by stress. The fundamental thermodynamics of the martensitic phase change process will be introduced. Elsatocaloric cooling material following the single stage Brayton cycle and the system design will be presented. With the commercially available nickel-titanium tubes, we will demonstrate two compressive elastocaloric cooling prototypes developed in University of Maryland. Experimental test results and potential performance improvement methods will be presented.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 49
Cooling with the Sun: Solar Thermal Cooling

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Vinay Ananthachar, P.E., Northeast Utilities
Technical Committee: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization
Peak cooling demand in summer is associated with high solar radiation availability. This offers excellent opportunity to exploit solar energy with thermal technologies to cool the building efficiently. The presenters discuss the basics of solar thermal cooling and case studies of actual solar thermal-assisted air-conditioning installations, PV/thermal desiccant dehumidification systems and solar-assisted absorption cooling. The learning outcomes are to identify the main components of a solar thermal air-conditioning system and understand the process flow of a thermally driven chiller.

1  Introduction to Solar Thermal Air-Conditioning

Khalid Nagidi, Energy Management Consulting Group
Solar thermal cooling technology has incredible potential because the demand for cooling and supply of energy (sun energy) coincide. Solar radiation is at its peak, especially during the summer time where the need for air-conditioning is the highest. A well designed and installed solar thermal system can provide heating, cooling and domestic hot water. Thermally driven cooling technologies use harmless cooling fluids (usually water) compare to conventional cooling systems. This presentation will discuss the different components of a solar thermal cooling system, and will introduce the different types of technologies for thermally driven chillers as well as solar thermal collectors.

2  Design and Actual Performance Benchmarks of Solar Thermal-Assisted Air-Conditioning Installations

Constantinos Balaras, Ph.D., Group Energy Conservation (IERSD-NOA)
Peak cooling demand in summer is associated with high solar radiation availability. This offers an excellent opportunity to exploit solar energy with heat-driven cooling technologies, i.e. closed cycle systems (absorption and adsorption) and open cycles (e.g. desiccant systems). Practical insight as benchmarks from actual solar thermal assisted air-conditioning installations will be provided. Overview will include information on common systems, types of collectors, area/kWc, initial cost, design and actual thermal COP, auxiliary energy and water consumption. Monitoring data and experience from actual installations could provide some practical benchmarks to facilitate concept design and first cost estimates and further support standardized configurations and solutions for strengthening market development.

3  Solar-Assisted Absorption Cooling for Distributed Tri-Generation: A Case Study

Marija Todorovic, P.Eng., University of Belgrade
Gas fuelled tri-generation system is optimized by implementing solar assisted absorption cooling, heat recovery, thermal energy storage using ice; building's - thermal mass control via PCM, energy efficient lighting and daylighting control. Several packages of energy efficiency improvement measures are analysed, with the reference to the total installed power, cooling and heating energy demand, annual electricity and total energy demand, different control algorithms, as well as related investment and operational costs. It has been shown that, even for low gas prices and modest increase of electricity prices in the region, the optimal tri-generation system encompasses the solar assisted absorption cooling.

4  PV/Thermal Desiccant Dehumidification Demonstration at the Orange County Convention Center

Tim Merrigan, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
One of the four 10 kW systems on the South Hall of Orange County Convention Center in Orlando is a combined PV/thermal (PV/T) system where ambient air is drawn under the PV modules – improving their efficiency – and then ducted into a South Hall mechanical penthouse to regenerate a desiccant for dehumidification of a separate outside air supply to the building. The combined system was modeled by a graduate student for various absorber, regenerator, desiccant tank, and PV/T sizes to determine appropriate component sizing to meet a given ventilation load in seven locations across the US.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 50
Double Skin Facade Design and Application

International Design
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Steven T. Taylor, P.E., Taylor Engineering, LLC
Technical Committee: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
CoSponsor: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization
Large glazed façade results in high building heating and cooling loads, and thus significant financial and environmental burdens. Double skin façade (DSF) is one potential response to these problems. This seminar explores DSF dynamics, design, modeling, case studies, seasonal control strategies and energy efficiency. This session provides ASHRAE members with a fundamental understanding of DSF principles, challenges, key influential factors, evaluation criteria, and design and modeling approaches.

1.00  Thermal Performance of Double Skin Façade with Buoyancy-Driven Airflow

John Zhai, Ph.D., University of Colorado
This talk reviews the main parameters for double skin façade (DSF) design. It introduces an integrated and iterative modeling process for analyzing the thermal performance of DSF cavities with buoyancy-driven airflow by using an energy simulation program (BESP) with a CFD package. The model and the modeling process were calibrated and validated against the experiment. Correlations were developed that can be implemented in a BESP, allowing to keep the accuracy gained from CFD without the computation time. The correlations are valuable for “back of the envelope” calculation and for examining accuracy of zonal-model-based energy and airflow simulation programs.

2.00  Double Façade Influence on Heating and Cooling Load: Three Models for Calculation of Interspace Temperature

Branislav Todorovic, Ph.D., University Belgrade
Tanja Cvjetkovic, P.Eng., Delhaize Group
Heating and cooling load calculations are presented for a double facade building located in South-East Europe. The analyzed construction of a double façade is the one mostly used in building practice: the outside façade is entirely glazed envelope, the inside façade is a combination of windows and walls. The analysis treated different façade orientations. The calculations were performed using three thermodynamic models: the model developed by authors and two models used in practice. The calculations were performed for different orientations of the facades, during sunny and cloudy days in summer and winter conditions, as well as for different glass properties.

3.00  Assessment of Climatic Parameters Inside Experimental Room Equipped with Box Double-Skin Facade

Gabriel Nastase, Ph.D., Transilvania University From Brasov
The next generation of windows and glazing technologies for buildings, such as the one presented in this study have potential to reduce energy consumption in office buildings and in the residential sector. The research aims to highlight the interior comfort conditions for an office space equipped with a box double-skin facade placed in Brasov, Romania. Interior comfort conditions are evaluated by analyzing important parameters such as CO2 levels, natural lighting, noise and ventilation. The conclusion is that to overcome the mere role of thermal/noise insulation system, a double skin facade is mandatory to have a BMS, that enables a complex control and efficiency.

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 51
Electronic Cigarettes: An Emerging Issue for ASHRAE

Fundamentals and Applications
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Wane A. Baker, P.E., CIH, Trane / Ingersoll Rand
Technical Committee: Environmental Health Committee
Over the past several years, use of electronic cigarettes has risen sharply. Debate continues regarding the efficacy of e-cigs as a smoking cessation technique, the health risks associated with “vaping” and the impact of secondary exposures indoors. This seminar provides an introduction to these electronic nicotine delivery systems, summarizes the related research conducted to date and offers insights on their relevance for ASHRAE members.

1  A Medical Toxicologist's Perspective: Miracle or Menace?

Jennifer Lowry, M.D., Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics
While the intent of electronic cigarettes is to promote smoking cessation, studies suggest that the opposite is occurring.  Additionally, the lack of regulations has resulted in an increase in unintentional exposures in young children and nicotine use in adolescents.  This presentation will provide an overview of electronic cigarettes including discussion of the device, its intent, its toxicity and state and federal regulations that may impact its use.

2  AIHA White Paper Findings: Emissions, Exposures and Health Risks

Cheri Marcham, CIH, CSP, CHMM, Ph.D., Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Research indicates that e-cigarette emissions contain much more than nicotine, including aerosolized flavorings, propylene glycol, thermal degradation products and other contaminants that could present health hazards. Because e-cigarettes are a potential source of indoor air pollutants, AIHA recommends that their use in the indoor environment be restricted at this time. The FDA currently regulates only e-cigarettes that are marketed for therapeutic purposes, but has proposed a rule extending its tobacco product authorities to cover additional products such as e-cigarettes. This presentation will summarize the AIHA White Paper, along with research and regulatory and industry recommendations published subsequent to its release.

3  Potential Impacts of Vaping on Occupants of the Indoor Environment

David Krause, CIH, Ph.D., Geosyntec Consultants

The rapid growth of e-cigarette use has raised questions about their impact on the indoor air quality of offices and public spaces.  The dearth of available information reveals them to be sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate aerosols that have not been fully characterized.  E-cigarettes primarily emit propylene glycol, glycerin and nicotine in addition to diethylene glycol, nitrosamines, 1,2-propanediol, acetic acid, acetone, isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propaldehyde and various flavoring compounds into the indoor air at varying levels.

4  How Do Current Standards Deal with Smoking?

Roger Hedrick, NORESCO
ASHRAE publishes many documents which relate to indoor air quality.  Smoking has a significant impact on indoor air quality, so how do these documents deal with smoking?  This presentation will identify the various ASHRAE documents and discuss the different ways they deal with smoking.  Will they all need to be modified for e-cigarettes?

11:15 AM-12:45 PM
Seminar 52
Peak Envelope Cooling Loads: How Did We Get to Today? Is This Where We Want to Be?  

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jeff S. Haberl, Ph.D., Texas A&M University
Sponsor: Historical Committee
CoSponsor: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
This seminar reviews the peak envelope cooling loads in the U.S. and Australia and relates the historical development of the methods to the methods that are being taught to today’s engineers and architects, including: the Total Equivalent Temperature Difference/Time Average method (TETD/TA), Cooling Load Temperature Difference/Cooling Load Factor/Solar Cooling Load (CLTD/CLF/SCL) and Radiant Time Series (RTS) methods. The presentations include a brief history, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

1  History of Peak Envelope Cooling Load Methods in the U.S.

Jeff S. Haberl, Ph.D., Texas A&M University
This presentation provides a historical discussion of peak envelope cooling load calculation methods from the 1800s until the present. The discussion focuses primarily on U.S. analysis methods, and includes a discussion of the engineering-based methods that can be traced, either directly or indirectly to textbooks in the 1800s by Professor Eugene Peclet, at the College of Marseille in France, and Professor Hermann Rietschel, Professor of the Technical University of Berlin, Charlottenburg Germany.

2  Overview of Peak Envelope Cooling Load Methods Using the RTS Method

Jeffrey Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Oklahoma State University
This presentation will discuss the development of the Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method for performing design cooling load calculations is derived from the heat balance method. In the current ASHRAE Handbook, the RTS method has replaced all other simplified (non-heat-balance) methods such as the Cooling Load Temperature Difference/ Cooling Load Factor/Solar Cooling Load (CLTD/CLF/SCL) method, the Total Equivalent Temperature Difference/Time Averaging method (TETD/TA), and the Transfer Function Method (TFM).

3  An Architect's Perspective of U.S. Envelope Peak Cooling Load Methods

Walter T. Grondzik, P.E., Ball State University
This presentation addresses an architectural perspective of the design cooling load calculation methods presented in the current ASHRAE Handbook. Earlier versions of these methods allowed architects to extract desirable design moves from the data presented--leading to the potential for better initial design decisions. The current methods, although representing an advance in accuracy, are generally not usable by an architect in conceptual or schematic design decision making.

4  Overview of Australian Envelope Peak Cooling Load Methods

P.C. Thomas, Team Catalyst
This presentation will provide a brief historical perspective of the air-conditioning industry and cooling load calculation in Australia.  It will look at the landscape of education and course work available; and will also review the basis of most popularly used cooling load calculation software used in Australia.  Finally it will address the question of “Is this where we want to be?”

1:00 PM-1:30 PM
Seminar TC
The Latest Technologies and Solutions in Building AutomationAn Open Session for YEA Members

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Frank Shadpour, P.E., SC Engineers, Inc.
Technical Committee: 01.04 Control Theory and Application
OPEN SESSION: no badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. This seminar focuses on the latest available technologies and solutions in building automation systems. It addresses topics such as wireless technology, dashboards and continuous commissioning, plus a number of other innovative solutions for today's green, sustainable buildings. This seminar is highly recommended for Young Engineers in ASHRAE (YEA). Ron Bernstein, Member, RBCG, LLC, Encinitas, CA, presents “What's on the Horizon for Building Automation Controls: Whole Building Integration, Cyber Security and Iot Cloud Apps.” Chad Moore, P.E., Member, Engineering Resource Group, Jackson, MS, presents “Future Applications of Controls—Today.”

1:00 PM-2:00 PM
Seminar 56
Avoiding Pesky Pitfalls Integrating Seismic and Sound Control

Design Build
S331BC (Orange County Convention Center)
Chair: James Liston, Suffolk Construction Company Inc.
Technical Committee: 02.07 Seismic and Wind Restraint Design
Sponsor: 7.02 HVAC&R Contractors and Design Build Firms
CoSponsor: 02.06 Sound and Vibration Control
This session presents the advantage of integrating seismic compliance and sound control early in the design build process. Design of building systems for seismic, wind, sound and vibration control is generally delegated to some point later in the project. After all, it is not exactly essential to the design of the HVAC, controls, electrical or other systems. But what happens when this seemingly non-essential item is overlooked until late in the game? Now the cost to meet code compliance and/or owner demands becomes more than budgeted. The speakers discuss how to avoid these pitfalls.

1  Taking the Evil Out of Necessary Evil of Design for Seismic Compliance

Robert E. Simmons, P.E., Petra Seismic Design, LLC
Design of HVAC&R systems for seismic and wind compliance is required by code.  At least 38 states have seismic requirements and all 50 have wind requirements.  The cost and headaches often associated with implementing the requirements needed to be in compliance has earned seismic/wind design a “necessary evil” label on many jobs.  This session will discuss how early planning can make compliance more cost effective and less hassle.

2  Preventing Sound and Vibration Problems

Jerry Lilly, P.E., JGL Acoustics Inc
No matter how advanced the design, mechanical equipment will contribute to objectionable vibration and noise in buildings. Building owners’ and tenants’ increasing demand for a comfortable and productive workspace, and the increased presence of sensitive, high-tech equipment requires vibration and noise control issues be considered. Implementing sound design from the start provides better results and is very cost effective.  Trying to patchwork noise problems late in the project can be very expensive.  This session will examine if, why, or when noise and vibration from HVAC&R equipment causes a problem in buildings, and some practical guidelines to prevent costly errors.

1:00 PM-2:30 PM
Seminar TC
Building Integrated PV (BIPV) Standardization is an International and Global Need

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Marija Todorovic, P.Eng., University of Belgrade
Technical Committee: 06.07 Solar Energy Utilization
Sponsor: 4.1 Load Calculation Data & Procedures, 1.9 Electrical Systems
CoSponsor: 07.01 Integrated Building Design
OPEN SESSION: no badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. The objective of this forum is to discuss international BIPV as matured cutting-edge technology aimed at determining relevant tasks and a working plan for preparation of an International BIPV standard that is globally acceptable concerning BIPV technologies, technical requirements of both buildings construction industries and of the electronics industries, developed as a scientifically and technically sound hub. All relevant data and measuring-technical specifications enable globally correct national “top-down” insertions. ASHRAE TC’s could have a crucial role in international BIPV standardization. Prof. Dr. Stephen Wittkopf, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts presents “Singapore and Swiss BIPV Case Studies and Visual Standards”. Dr. Şiir & Prof. Birol Kilkis, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey & Baskent University present “Comparative Evaluation of Energy and Exergy Efficiencies of BIPV Systems. Dr. D. Charlie Curcija, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab presents “FLEXLAB Testbed Measurement of the Energy and Daylighting Performance of Glazing-Integrated BIPV Façade.” Dr. Francesco Fontini, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland presents “BIPV Technical Standards-Developments within the European Union/Switzerland.”

1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 53
Fellows Debate: Commissioning Is Not Part of the Construction Contractor’s Turnover Package

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Larry Spielvogel, P.E., Consulting Engineer
Sponsor: College of Fellows
CoSponsor: 01.07 Business, Management & General Legal Education
The design and construction marketplace has and will change. Clients want buildings that work. Commissioning is vital to prove that the building performs satisfactorily. Practice posits that commissioning takes place during the whole construction period and does not finish until at least one year after turnover to the owner. It is also argued that formal documentation and proof of performance is required as part of the turnover documentation. Alternatively this cannot happen in a organically growing buildingthings are always changing. Both sides of the argument must be understood to write good work scopes and contract documents.

1.00  Fellows Debate

Larry Spielvogel, P.E., Consulting Engineer
E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., MDCSystems
Dennis Knight, P.E., Whole Building Systems, LLC
Nick Mead, FCIBSE, President CIBSE, CEng, CIBSE
Honorable Katherine G. Hammack, U.S. Army
Richard Rooley, FREng, Project Management Partnership
Don Beaty, P.E., DLB Associates
These are session slides for the session chair to present at the beginning of the presentation.

2.00  Speaker 1

E. Mitchell Swann, P.E., MDCSystems
This is speaker 1.

3.00  Speaker 2

Dennis Knight, P.E., Whole Building Systems, LLC
This is speaker 2.

4.00  Speaker 3

Nick Mead, FCIBSE, President CIBSE, CEng, CIBSE
This is speaker 3.

5.00  Speaker 4

Honorable Katherine G. Hammack, U.S. Army
This is speaker 4.

6.00  Speaker 5

Richard Rooley, FREng, Project Management Partnership
This is speaker 5.

7.00  Speaker 6

Don Beaty, P.E., DLB Associates
This is speaker 6.

2:30 PM-3:30 PM
Workshop 5
Design-Build for DDC: Yes, It Works! No, It Doesn’t! A Healthy Debate by Two Experts

Design Build
S331BC (Orange County Convention Center)
Chair: Frank Shadpour, P.E., SC Engineers, Inc.
Technical Committee: 01.04 Control Theory and Application
Those who recommend Design-Build for every situation need to be careful. When it comes to DDC, Design-Build may not be the best solution. Some general contractors claim that the controls subcontractor is no different than the drywall subcontractor, and if a Design Build delivery method works for one, it should work for all. Our speaker feels strongly that a Design-Build scenario is the best solution for today’s DDC systems. “I beg to differ,” says our other speaker. Categorizing drywall and DDC subcontractors under the same umbrella spells trouble. Join us for a healthy discussion.

1  Yes, It Works!

Brian Allen, ATS Automation
Design-Build is the preferred method for the majority of direct digital control (DDC) contracts. The contractors’ expertise is such that they can deliver the latest, cutting-edge technology faster and more economically. Design-Bid-Build projects may require months or even years to develop construction documents to release for bid, and the DDC systems specified may be outdated before the project is bid. Since the general contractors are in control of the subcontractors, it gives the general contractors the ability to manage the DDC costs and keep the project within budget. The contractors are developing budgets instead of designers; therefore, the likelihood of cost increases and budget delays are reduced. Design-Build and Design-Bid-Build projects are both commissioned in the same way to ensure that the Owner Project Requirements (OPR) are met. The contractor is responsible for developing the most cost-effective solution to meet the project needs which relieves this burden from the owner. For these reasons, it is imperative that DDC contracts be delivered in the Design-Build manner.

2  No, It Doesn't!

George Gemberling III, County of Riverside
When it comes to direct digital control (DDC) contracts, Design-Build is not the preferred method. A Design-Build-Bid method is preferable because of the level of collaboration that must take place in the development of the DDC system between the owner, end users and the designer. Each organization is unique; and so are the requirements for the DDC system. DDC systems are sophisticated and cannot be treated as a commodity, such as drywall or steel. The Design-Build delivery method lends itself to a "one-size-fits-all” approach in which the significance of the DDC system is diminished. If a Design-Build contract does not have clearly defined owner project requirements (OPR) then the owner may not get a DDC system that fits the need of the building. Since the upfront requirements may not be clearly defined for DDC systems in Design-Build contracts, this opens the door for DDC contractor change orders during construction. For these reasons, it is imperative that DDC contracts be delivered in the traditional Design-Bid-Build manner.

3:15 PM-4:45 PM
Seminar 54
Cold Climate Building Design Guide Best Practices

International Design
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Frank Mills, Low Carbon Design Consultants
Sponsor: Cold Climate Design MTG
The ASHRAE Cold Climate Building Design Guide is being rolled out in Orlando and the speakers provide an overview of the guide, as well as best building practices. The guide was developed by an international group of ASHRAE members.

1.00  Best Practices of Utilities in Building Design for Cold Climate Applications

Erich Binder, Erich Binder Consulting Limited
When designing the utilities for buildings in cold climate applications, there are important considerations that need to be taken in order to ensure the systems equipment operates efficiently and safely. Issues such as reliability, redundancy, freeze protection, adequate fuel storage, and back up heating systems are just some of the possibilities if a designer is unaware of the concerns. With the experience and knowledge of others described within the cold climate design guide, designers can learn the various strategies used to safeguard equipment against cold climate conditions and allow the equipment to work seamlessly.

2.00  Best Practices HVAC Equipment Design Cold Climate Applications

David Lima, Aqua Air Systems Ltd
HVAC equipment design varies around the world relative to the environment the equipment is located in.  When designing HVAC equipment in cold climate applications, there are important considerations that need to be taken in order to ensure the equipment operates correctly and safely.  Issues such as frozen coils and frosting heat wheels are just a couple of possibilities if a designer is unaware of the concerns. With the experience and knowledge of others described within the cold climate design guide, designers can learn the various strategies used to safeguard equipment against cold climate conditions and allow equipment to work seamlessly.

3.00  Best Practices HVAC Controls for Cold Climate Applications

Cheryl McGinn, P.Eng., Convergint Technologies
Building Control systems ensure that HVAC systems operate in a safe and efficient manner while maintaining the required building environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, pressure and ventilation. Each Building control system is custom designed to meet the unique requirements of the building. When designing a control system for a cold climate it is important to consider the effects of the cold on the building, the building occupants and the HVAC equipment and to incorporate appropriate cold climate control strategies in the control system design. Common cold climate design strategies are presented and best practices and lessons learned are discussed.

4.00  Best Practices HVAC Design for Cold Climates

Craig D. Fredeen, P.E., PDC Inc. Engineers
This presentation will highlight fascinating design challenges unique to the arctic environment as well as provide practical, field proven HVAC system design solutions. Applications include designing for high winds, drifting snow, and extreme cold temperatures.  Though originally designed for cold climates, attendees may find the presented solutions applicable for extreme conditions in other climates as well.

3:45 PM-5:15 PM
Seminar 57
How Does the Criterion Engineer’s Role Affect the Design Build Contractor’s and Design Build Engineer’s Roles during All Phases of a Design Build Project?

Design Build
S331BC (Orange County Convention Center)
Chair: Alonzo Blalock, P.E., Jacobs Engineering
Technical Committee: 09.01 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems
Building owners will often retain a criterion engineer (CE) to establish the initial design criteria for a project. The CE will create documents that will be handed off to the design build contractor. After this, the role of the CE can vary. The direction of the project can be very dependent on the CE involvement after bridging documents are completed. This seminar discusses the issues that can arise as the owner and design build contractor interpret the bridging documents and how open or closed a line of communication is with the CE during all phases of a design build project.

1  Criterion Engineer’s Role in a Design Build Project

Phillip M. Trafton, Donald F. Dickerson Associates
For an effective and complete project, it is the role of the criterion engineer to not only provide the basis of design and program requirements such that a “qualified” DB contractor can bid, design and construct the project, also, the criterion engineer must review and verify the contractors design to assure that it meets the basis of design and program requirements.  In addition the responsibility of the criterion engineer is to confirm by review items, in order to assure that the owner has received the quality and type of project as contracted, by the engineer providing construction observation and administration.

2  Who Holds the Risk: The Criterion Engineer, the Design Build Contractor or the Design Build Engineer?

John Kuempel, P.E., DeBra-Kuempel
What is the contractor to quote if the criterion engineer requests an incomplete system that may not be correctly sized for the project? The contractor is at risk to deliver a complete system, with all operational components from abridging documents that are purposely incomplete. This contractor is responsible to hire the design build engineer of record, responsible for a complete functional system after he has quoted a fixed cost for the system. In this example, relationships clouded best practice.

3  How Can the Design/Build Engineer Effectively Work with the Criterion Engineer on a Design/Build Project?

Jessica Mangler, P.E., Ross & Baruzzini
The relationship between criterion engineer and design build engineer is a critical link on a design build project. The role of owner’s advocate will shift from criterion engineer to design build engineer during the project’s timeline. This presentation will discuss how factors such as communication between the criterion engineer and design build engineer, the criterion engineer’s project involvement after bridging documents have been issued, liability and risk levels, relationships with the building’s owner, and changes in the building’s design influence the design build engineer’s decision making process.

Wednesday, January 27, 2016

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Technical Paper Session 7
Advancements in Energy Modeling

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Scott A. Martin, P.E., Hill Engineers Architects Planners, Inc.
Energy modeling is a quickly changing field of expertise. The papers in this session focus on software that streamlines the process of taking systems from a building information model (BIM) into a building energy simulation (BES), a study focusing on the development of control-oriented thermal models for an actively charged/discharged phase change material thermal energy storage (PCM TES) system intended for building integration, and a study of the dynamic response of low mass residential buildings and their respective space heating peak demands for different room temperature set point profiles.

1  Development of a Reference Building Information Model for Thermal Model Compliance Testing (RP-1468) Part 1: Guidelines for Generating Thermal Model Input Files (OR-16-020)

Jeff S. Haberl, Ph.D., Texas A&M University
Mark Clayton, Ph.D., Texas A&M University
Sandeep Kota, Texas A&M University
Francisco Farias, Texas A&M University
WoonSeong Jeong, Texas A&M University
Jong Bum Kim, Texas A&M University
Jose Luis Bermudez Alcocer, Texas A&M University
Wei Yan, Ph.D., Texas A&M University
This paper is the first part of two papers that report on the results of the ASHRAE-RP 1468 project. This paper presents an overview of the project and the three volumes of documentation included in the final report. The purpose of the project was to produce reference models and guidelines for developing software to automate thermal model creation from a Building Information Model (BIM) into a Building Energy Simulation (BES) for energy simulations. This paper describes the methods of the research and presents highlights of the guidelines.

2  Development of Reduced Order Thermal Models of Building Integrated Active PCM-TES (OR-16-021)

Vasken Dermardiros, P.Eng., Concordia University
Yuxiang Chen, Ph.D., University of Alberta
Ahmed Daoud, Ph.D., Hydro Quebec
Andreas Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Concordia University
This paper presents an experimental and numerical study focusing on the development of control-oriented thermal models of varying resolution for an actively charged/discharged phase change material thermal energy storage (PCM TES) system intended for building integration. This PCM TES system consists of five layers of PCM panels with an air channel between the middle layers. Conditioned air is drawn through the cavity to charge and discharge the PCM. The PCM TES system is tested in an environmental chamber where its dynamic response was carefully monitored. The monitored data is used for model development and validation. Compared to a detailed 30th order RC model, simplified 4th order and 2nd order models are shown to be able to satisfactorily predict the thermal energy storage and release of the PCM TES system. To simplify the PCM characterization input and to reduce the simulation time, a five-parameter equation is developed to model the PCM specific heat and a four-parameter equation for its thermal conductivity. The presented modeling methodology is applicable for similar PCM TES systems with multiple PCM layers and air flow channels.

3  Impact of Thermal Model Resolution on Peak Heating Demand Calculation under Different Set Point Profiles (OR-16-022)

Jennifer A. Date, Concordia University
Yuxiang Chen, Ph.D., University of Alberta
Andreas K. Athienitis, Ph.D., P.E., Concordia University
Michael Fournier, Hydro-Quebec LTE
This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the dynamic response of low mass residential buildings and their respective space heating peak demands for different room temperature set point profiles, with a focus on the impact of thermal model resolution on the peak demand calculation. Experiments were conducted at two identically constructed and highly instrumented houses. The wood floor of one of them is covered with carpet. Their dynamic response to different ramping set point profiles is monitored and analyzed. Equivalent and physically meaningful RC network thermal models for the purpose of model based control are developed for a north zone of the houses.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Technical Paper Session 8
IEA Annex 61 Deep Energy Retrofit, Part 2: The Path to Net Zero

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Alexander M. Zhivov, Ph.D., US Army Corps of Engineers
Building energy use is tracked in many different forms—EUI, Co2, kwh and more—by facilities. This session provides insight into the techniques used in new and renovated buildings around the world to reduce their energy consumption on a path to net zero. The papers deal with HVAC, lighting, envelope, plug loads and other systems and their impact on the overall energy use. Multiple methods of validating the field information are discussed.

1  Evaluation of Building Retrofit Strategies in Different Climate Zones (OR-16-023)

Runming Yao, Ph.D., School of th Built Environment, University of Reading
Mehdi Shahrestani, Ph.D., School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading
Baizhan Li, Ph.D., Chongqing University
Xinyi Li, Chongqing University
Shiyu Han, School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading
Buildings account for 40% of CO2 emissions in the UK and around 25% in China. In an attempt to mitigate global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the UK Government is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% below the 1990’s level by 2050; China pledged a 40–45% decrease in CO2 emissions per GDP by 2020 against 2005 levels. To achieve these targets, building retrofitting is one of the efficient ways to improve building energy efficiency and the associated CO2 emissions. In order to evaluate the potential energy savings that can be achieved through building retrofit plans, this study aims to assess two levels of deep retrofit in a typical office building. These retrofit scenarios are assessed using numerical simulation of a prototypical building in five climate zones in china as well as London and Aberdeen in the UK. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the EnergyPlus software. The outcomes of this study reveal that deep retrofit in office buildings can potentially achieve up to 54% energy saving compared with the energy consumption of buildings designed in 1980(s). However, economic factors should be also considered in the process of decision making to choose the most appropriate building retrofit strategy.

2  Thermal Bridge Mitigation in Army Buildings (OR-16-024)

A. Pagan-Vazquez, P.E., US Army Corps of Engineers
M. Lawton, P.Eng., Morrison Hershfield
D. Chu, US Army Corps of Engineers
J. Yu, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL)
John Straube, Ph.D., University of Waterloo
Bob Ryan, Passive House Academy
S. Lux, Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL)
High performance buildings are becoming more prevalent in new Army construction projects. Unfortunately, these new designs often do not take into account preventive procedures to avoid thermal bridging effects which are localized heat flow between the building interior and exterior. These effects become much more significant as buildings are designed to be highly insulated and better sealed against air leakage. Researchers from the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center - Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) visited several Army installations and used infra-red imaging to survey buildings to identify places in the building envelope where thermal bridging commonly occur. Characteristic construction sections were selected for heat transfer modeling to quantify the thermal bridging impact and develop general mitigation solutions. This manuscript presents examples of the developed U.S. Army ERDC-CERL Thermal Bridge Mitigation Catalog, which includes architectural details thermal bridge modeling values (ψ and U-factors), and schematics of good construction practices to improve the building envelope performance of typical Army facilities. In addition, this work includes developed visual step-by-step sequencing examples to be used by the construction practitioner for the assembly of a properly mitigated thermal bridge detail in the building envelope.

3  EU Project “School of the Future:" Refurbishment of School Buildings towards Zero Emission with High Performance Indoor Environment (OR-16-025)

Kirsten Engelund Thomsen, CEng, Danish Building Research Institute, AAU
Heike Erhorn-Kluttig, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics
Hans Erhorn, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics
Stephan Kempe, Ph.D., Office for Environmental Protection
Christoph Hofle, Office for Environmental Protection
Jurgen Gorres, Ph.D., Office for Environmental Protection
The aim of the “School of the Future” project which receives funding within the EU’s 7th Framework Program, is to design, demonstrate, evaluate and communicate shining examples of how to reach the future high performance building level. School buildings, their owners and their primary users, namely pupils (the next generation) are the focus of the project. Both the energy and indoor environment performance of four demonstration buildings in four European countries and climates is being greatly improved due to holistic retrofits to the building envelope, the service systems, the integration of renewables, and building management systems. This paper describes the EU project, including all results, a comparison of the four demonstration buildings, and a detailed description of the German demonstration project.

4  Empirical Energy Performance Evaluation of a High Performance Office Building in U.S. Midwest (OR-16-026)

Xiaohui (Joe) Zhou, Ph.D., P.E., Iowa Energy Center
Ran Liu, Ph.D., Iowa Energy Center
Scott Lochhead, P.E., Iowa Energy Center
Nicholas J. Haberl, Iowa Energy Center
Many innovative energy-saving strategies have been implemented in energy efficient and sustainable building design to reduce overall energy use and operational cost. However, measurement of the actual energy usage and verification of implemented energy-saving design and strategies are also required to ensure the building performs as expected. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the energy performance at the Iowa Utilities Board and Office of Consumer Advocate (IUB-OCA) building by examining annual detailed sub-metered data.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Conference Paper Session 18
New Methods for Airflow Determination and Building Pressurization

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Devin A. Abellon, P.E., Uponor
This session addresses various aspects of airflow control within buildings. Fire and smoke damper code requirements are summarized and helpful tips provided. Trend data are used to estimate outdoor airflow using a virtual flow meter with results validated by a case study. A comparison of building pressurization using cascade controls and conventional controls is provided and airflow uniformity through air-handling units is predicted using computational fluid dynamics software. Wind-driven roof ventilators have been used with evaporative cooling and fabric ducts to provide ventilation and thermal comfort conditions in industrial settings in hot climates.

1  Understanding Fire and Smoke Damper Application Requirements (OR-16-C066)

Stephen W. Duda, P.E., Ross & Baruzzini, Inc.
Some HVAC engineers and designers are uncertain of the requirements for fire dampers and smoke dampers, especially with regard to the difference between partition types, because those requirements are typically found in the model building codes rather than the model mechanical codes. Some play it safe and specify fire and smoke dampers where they really are not necessary. This conference paper presents a fire and smoke damper summary for HVAC engineers and designers based on the model building codes. Topics addressed include the differences between fire walls, fire barriers, shaft enclosures, and fire partitions and between a smoke barrier and smoke partition, so that one can properly apply (or not apply) fire and smoke dampers where they are required and only where required. Eight helpful design tips are included. This paper is intended as a good introduction to the topic for less experienced engineers or designers; and a good review for the more experienced.

2  Virtual Outdoor Airflow Meter for the Ongoing Commissioning of HVAC Systems: Lessons from a Case Study Building (OR-16-C067)

Nunzio Cotrufo, Concordia University
Lorenzo Natale, INSA-Strasbourg
Radu Zmeureanu, Ph.D., P.E., Concordia University
The use of trend data from Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) is a cost-effective solution to provide the necessary data for the ongoing commissioning. This paper presents the use of trend data, recorded every 15 minutes, with a virtual air flow meter for the estimation of the outdoor air flow rate brought in the air-handling units. A virtual flow meter estimates the value of a physical variable in the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system where a physical sensor does not exist. For this purpose, a mathematical model is used along with measurements from available sensors in the system. In this study, a virtual air flow meter was developed to estimate the outdoor air intake, and the results were presented as the ratio α of the outdoor air flow rate to the supply air flow rate.

3  Performance Comparison of Cascade Control with Conventional Controls in Air-Handling Units for Building Pressurization (OR-16-C068)

Kaustubh Phalak, University of Miami
Gang Wang, P.E., University of Miami
Buildings are maintained at slightly positive pressure by the air handling units to avoid infiltration of unconditioned air. The conventional AHUs rely either on direct building pressure control or volume tracking control with a single loop proportional integral derivative controller to maintain positive building pressure. Even though this type of control structure is simplistic, the performance is usually not satisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the cascade control on the building static pressure in comparison with the two conventional controls by simulation. An airflow model of an AHU system with PID controllers is developed. Performance of the two conventional controls as well as cascade control is simulated and subjected to wind effect, pressure fluctuations and flow sensor error.  The simulations conclude that the cascade control method stabilizes the control signal and compensates the error in flow measurement.

4  HVAC Solution with Evaporative Cooling System and Wind-Driven Roof Ventilator Systems (OR-16-C069)

Dinesh Jaikumar, J.D., SunGreen Ventilation Systems Pvt Ltd
Wind driven roof ventilators have been in existence for over 3 decades. Developed in the USA, where it is primarily used as an attic /domestic ventilator, the roof ventilators have found a more industrial application in India considering the higher throat dia and material of construction. Evaporative cooling systems can be used for cooling at a fraction of the cost of conventional air conditioning systems. If used in a correct manner its ideal for sustainable and energy efficient comfort as well as process conditioning requirements. The ECS used for the case studies in this paper are systems that deliver higher air volume with lower energy consumption. Fabric Air Dispersion Systems were used for their lower carbon footprint and the fact that they can be removed and cleaned. Combining a precise ECS with WRV and using fabric ducts for delivery, an energy efficient system can be designed with perfect air balancing, optimum airflow patterns and utmost effectiveness to provide the necessary conditions in all parts of the building.

5  Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in the Optimization of Airflow through an Air-Handling Unit (OR-16-C070)

Andrew Byl, Montana State University
Kevin L. Amende, P.E., Montana State University
Erick L. Johnson, Ph.D., Montana State University
Advancements in computer technologies have made it economical for HVAC equipment manufacturers to implement computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in order to aid in the design process. The benefits of using CFD analysis include reducing the amount of time to optimize a given design, ease of identifying potential failure points in existing products, and reducing the number of laboratory experiments required. CFD offers the ability to visually characterize the airflow and heat transfer through an AHU and assess uniformity as it enters the heat exchanger. This paper presents the CFD models used to characterize the airflow uniformity in order to increase the overall heat exchanger efficiency in an AHU.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 58
Considering Occupancy Behavior in Design and Operation for Residential Buildings

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Bing Dong, University of Texas at San Antonio
Technical Committee: 07.05 Smart Building Systems
Building energy consumption is a systematic procedure comprehensively influenced by not only engineering technologies, but also cultural concept, occupant behavior and social equity, etc. People spend more than 90% of time in buildings and as a result occupancy behavior becomes a leading factor that affects building energy consumption, particularly in residential buildings, but it is quite often oversimplified. Hence, having a better understanding, description and model of occupant behavior in residential buildings can improve the accuracy of building simulations and guide the design and operation of buildings. This forum is part of IEA EBC Annex 66 activities.

1  Logical, but Not Predictable: A Story of Three High-Rise Residential Building Occupant Studies

Liam O'Brien, Ph.D., Carleton University
This talk discusses major findings from three in-depth residential occupant studies that were conducted over the past two years. The objective of the studies was to shed light on the complexities of occupant behavior by performing long-term monitoring with interviews and surveys. The first study looked at the effect of billing schemes on occupant control of indoor temperature. The second study examined window shade use and found patterns are significantly different than in office buildings, but that occupants seldom move their shades. The third study examined the comfort and purchase decisions of modern, highly-glazed apartment buildings.

2  Occupant Control Behavior of Low-Temperature Air Source Heat Pump in Chinese Rural Housing: What Does It Mean to Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption?

Xudong Yang, Ph.D., Tsinghua University
In rural China, household heating using solid fuel significantly contributes to both indoor and regional emissions of pollutants such as carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study presents the first results from an intervention study currently conducted in Beijing suburb, China. The purpose of this particular effort is to quantify the effectiveness of using a split-type, low-temperature air source heat pump as an alternative way of clean heating in rural households. Several “representative” occupant control modes were summarized, all based on residents’ own use pattern without much instruction.

3  Beyond Technology: Improving Occupants' Energy Efficiency Behaviors through Social-Psychological Analysis

Chien-fei Chen, Ph.D., University of Tennessee
Improving energy efficiency behaviors requires the consideration of technology improvement and human factors. While a growing number of recent studies have focused on the importance of environmental behaviors, little attention has been paid to a comprehensive set of social-psychological factors associated with occupants’ energy conservation and demand response behaviors.  Moreover, appliances and facilities are often shared among coworkers, which inhibit the development of a sense of individual responsibility. Gaining a deeper understanding of the social-psychological factors influencing energy efficiency behaviors in both public or residential buildings is especially relevant for policy and academic conversations about mitigating global climate change.

4  Investigation of Occupancy Behavior in Residential Buildings

Bing Dong, University of Texas at San Antonio
Previous research studies show that occupancy behavior accounts for about 30% of the variance in overall heating consumption and 50% in cooling consumption in residential buildings. Overall energy savings of 10–20% due to simple behavioral adjustments are a reasonable expectation. Unfortunately, there are few studies have focused on the specific case of behavior in low-income housing, where unique individual energy behavior, demographic and socio-economic factors come into play. This presentation investigates occupancy behavioral energy usage in low-income families through real-time measurement.  The behavioral aspects are presented in terms of thermostat schedules, occupancy presence and major appliance usage.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 59
Simulation Calibration Methods: Which Should I Choose?

The Great Debate
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jaya Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D., Montana State University
Technical Committee: 04.07 Energy Calculations
This seminar presents the different techniques that are available for calibrating simulation models. The seminar also presents the ongoing research that has been conducted to develop methods to test calibration techniques.

1.00  Calibration of Building Energy Simplified Simulation Models: Approaches and Applications

Juan-Carlos Baltazar, Ph.D., P.E., Texas A&M University
Simplified simulation models can be used for determination of effectiveness of energy-conservation measures in design stage as well as assessing performance optimization measures in retro-commissioning process. This presentation will deal with the general approaches that are followed to calibrate simplified simulations – auto and manual. The presentation will also show some examples on how the calibrated simulation can be used in practice.

2.00  Bayesian Calibration: Calibrating Energy Models with Uncertainty

Ralph Muehleisen, Ph.D., P.E., ANL
Bayesian calibration is one of many methods that can be used for calibrating building energy models.   In Bayesian calibration, modelers start from an assumption that parameters to be calibrated are uncertain through assignment of probability distribution functions. The Bayesian calibration algorithm adjusts the parameter probability distribution functions by comparison of model predictions to measured data.  The posterior parameter distributions parameters are statistically more consistent with the measured data than the prior distributions with the probability distributions representing the confidence of the values of the input parameters given both the model of the buildings and the observed values from the building.

3.00  A Method of Test for Evaluating the Efficacy of Model Calibration Techniques

Ron Judkoff, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Joel Neymark, P.E., J. Neymark & Associates
Ben Polly, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
This paper summarizes a method for testing model calibration procedures. We call this a pure test method because it tests only the calibration procedure and not the correctness of the associated simulation program. This is accomplished by using the simulation program (used with a calibration method) to generate synthetic/surrogate building energy use data for a pre and post retrofit test case.  Thus the “correct” inputs are precisely known and the calibration technique can be tested for closure on the correct pre-retrofit model input values and the post retrofit energy savings along with the usual “goodness of fit” criterion.

4.00  Autotune Calibration and Trinity Test Evaluation

Joshua New, Ph.D., ONRL
Autotune project has developed and tested automated tuning methodologies that enable building energy models to reproduce measured data by systematically adjusting input parameters so they match the real building. Research addressing practical considerations related to data integrity, application of domain-agnostic, multi-parameter, optimization techniques and testing methods are discussed. A standard method of test for calibration tools is being developed and an online Trinity Test web service implements one of the methods recommended to allow determination of whether the inputs set by a calibration algorithm are the correct values for the given building.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 60
Do You Know What You Are Breathing? Contaminants of Emerging Concern

Fundamentals and Applications
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Kyung-Ju Choi, Clean & Science
Technical Committee: 02.03 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment
Sponsor: SSPC 62.1
CoSponsor: Environmental Health Committee
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phthalates, organophosphates and siloxanes, are contaminants of emerging concern. Such chemicals are widely used as plasticizers, insecticides and flame retardants in building materials and consumer products used in households, such as antiperspirants, skin- and hair-care products, cosmetics and detergents. SVOCs are becoming more of a concern due to their widespread usage and potential health effects, such as endocrine disruption and cancer. The health effects of a specific SVOC depend on its chemical nature and the degree of exposure, which can occur through a combination of ingestion, respiration and skin absorption.

1  Emission and Transport of Phthalates in Indoor Environments

Ying Xu, Ph.D., The University of Texas at Austin
Phthalates have been used pervasively as plasticizers in consumer products and building materials.  These semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous in indoor environments. We developed a novel, rapid, small-chamber method to measure phthalate emissions. The mechanisms governing emissions of phthalates from polymeric materials were further elucidated through systematic chamber studies. We then extended the mechanistic understanding of emissions to an actual indoor environment through a fate and transport model and assessed the exposure of building occupants.

2  SVOC Transport in the Vicinity of Human Body

Donghyun Rim, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
Many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) including phthalates and PAHs have been linked to adverse health effects such as endocrine disruption and cancer. Due to widespread use of synthetically produced plasticizers, insecticides, and flame retardant indoors, large amounts of SVOCs persist indoors for relatively long periods (>1 yr). This study investigates inhalation vs. dermal uptake to human surface considering air flow and SVOC transport in the vicinity of a human body.  Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of pollutant dynamics around a human body, breathing zone concentrations and SVOC uptake by human surface were estimated for an occupant in ventilated room.

3  Contaminants of Emerging Concern: Siloxanes and Indoor Air Quality

Chang-Seo Lee, Ph.D., Concordia University
 Siloxanes are common ingredients in consumer products like antiperspirants, skin and hair care products, cosmetics and detergents, and are being promoted as green dry cleaning solvents to replace toxic chlorinated solvents.  The wide applications have caused elevated concentrations of siloxanes in our environments, and the indoor levels are usually much higher than outdoor air. Some siloxanes are regarded as potential endocrine disrupting compounds. The sources, indoor and outdoor air concentrations, and the health and environmental effects of siloxanes will be presented and future research needs will be discussed.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 61
Improving the Efficiency of Low-GWP Commercial Refrigeration Systems

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Shitong Zha, Ph.D., HILLPHOENIX
Technical Committee: 10.07 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display and Storage
Sponsor: MTG.LowGWP
CoSponsor: 03.01 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants
Commercial refrigeration systems are searching for low-GWP refrigerant options due to the environmental responsibility and governmental regulations to limit the use of high-GWP refrigerants. Energy efficiency is very important in the refrigerant transition. The seminar covers commercial refrigeration systems using both natural refrigerant and low-GWP synthetics. How to increase R744 system efficiency when it operates at elevated ambient temperature? What is the R744 system with ejector technology? What is the Hybrid Geothermal R744 system? How to change the equipment design and control of low-GWP synthetics refrigeration to improve energy efficiency?

1  Commercial Refrigeration Applying R744 Refrigeration Technologies: A Global Perspective

Armin Hafner, Dr.Ing., NTNU
Energy efficiency, heat recovery and cost efficiency of commercial refrigeration systems still have a large development potential for systems applying R744 as the only refrigerant. The system architecture has to be in the focus with respect to increase the system efficiency when these units are operated at elevated ambient temperatures. The objective of this work is to investigate the energy required for different R744 commercial refrigeration systems at various locations in all the global continents compared to a HFC404A configuration.

2  Energy Efficiency Improvements for Refrigeration Systems with Low-GWP Refrigerants

Michael Petersen, Honeywell - Buffalo Research Laboratory
Gustavo Pottker, Honeywell - Buffalo Research Laboratory
Due to the recent governmental regulations to limit the use of high GWP refrigerants, new lower GWP refrigerants are currently under evaluation by the industry. These new refrigerants exhibit promising thermal performance when compared to widely used refrigerants such as R404A. In this presentation, thermal properties and actual system performance data for non-flammable and mildly-flammable low-GWP refrigerants are discussed in details, showing energy efficiency and environmental benefits of using these new refrigerants in commercial refrigeration. In addition, changes in equipment design and control to further improve energy efficiency are explored, with focus on systems with moderate glide refrigerants.

3  Hybrid Geothermal R744: An Alternative to Transcritical Booster Technology

Jason Robbins, P.E., Walgreens, Inc.
It is well  know that when dealing with R744 high ambient temperatures can create design issues including loss of efficiency or reliability.  Currently a majority of the design effort is being focused on adapting the refrigeration circuit design to adapt to higher ambient conditions.  What if we could de-couple the impact of ambient temperature from the system entirely?  This seminar will explore a case study of an operating hybrid geothermal transcritical CO2 installation from design, installation and  through first year of operation.

4  Beverage Vending Machines: An Alternative Refrigerant to “Chill out” with

Sean Gouw, P.E., Southern California Edison
Refrigerants are essential to multitudes of HVAC&R processes in the commercial sector. Although meant to be contained within various equipment types, their usage inevitably leads to leakage, which may directly contribute to ozone depletion and/or global warming. In response, CO2 rose as a viable alternative in refrigerated beverage vending machines. Simultaneously, federal regulators continue to update minimum/high-efficiency standards for equipment efficiency, and are additionally exploring a proposal for prohibiting certain high-GWP refrigerants. This presentation will discuss the findings of a high-level evaluation, conducted by TTC, on the efficiency and performance of a CO2 vending machine and the applicable standards.

8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 62
Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems: Best Practices for System Efficiency and Longevity

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Mike Gallagher, P.E., Western Allied Corp.
Technical Committee: 07.03 Operation and Maintenance Management
This seminar covers best practices in variable refrigerant flow (VRF) from the perspective of the manufacturer (OEM), facility manager and service contractor. Installation, operation and maintenance of VRF systems are discussed, including: skill requirements for VRF systems compared to conventional systems, installation best practices, manufacturer specific training, utilizing manufacturer service tools for ongoing maintenance and commissioning. A case study is presented from the owner's perspective at a hotel where VRF systems were recently installed to replace conventional systems.

1  VRF Training: Perspective from the Original Equipment Manufacturer

Bill Artis, Daikin Applied
This presentation will cover the training needs for personnel involved installing and operating VRF systems, to include: Emphasis on skill requirements for successful install and operation of VRF systems compared to conventional systems, installation best practices, manufacturer specific training, and using manufacturer service tools for operation and maintenance. The presenter will also touch on manufacturer training available and how OEM service tools can be used for VRF system maintenance and ongoing commissioning.

2  VRF Maintenance: Perspective from the Original Equipment Manufacturer

Paul Doppel, Mitsubishi Electric
This presentation will cover unique operations and maintenance characteristics of VRF systems that result in specific revised or additional tasks beyond the familiar needs of DX split systems. First there will be a brief overview the unique hardware, software and control technologies used in VRF systems that distinguish them from conventional DX split systems.  Next the seminar will highlight periodic operation & maintenance functions unique to VRF systems that must be incorporated in a maintenance program.

3  VRF Operatiions and Maintenance: Perspective from the Facility Manager

John Caracciola, Concorde Hotel
This presentation will look at the owner's VRF operation and maintainance (O&M) requirements at a hotel facility with multiple types of HVAC systems.  Presenter will discuss start-up of VRF systems, which replaced conventional systems  as part of a phased renovation.   Discussion will include: operations and maintenance requirements for VRF systems compared to conventional systems.  Presenter will discuss lessons learned from VRF system installation and start-up as it relates to facilities managers.

4  VRF Maintenance: Perspective from the Service Contractor

Mike Gallagher, P.E., Western Allied Corp.
This presentation discusses aspects of VRF system operation, maintenance and repair that are unique to the HVAC service industry. The presenter explains how to avoid VRF failures through the proper care and feeding of a VRF system. While many maintenance tasks in VRF are similar to a convention system, there are differences that require a greater depth of knowledge on VRF.  A service contractor’s view and lessons learned.

8:00 AM-11:00 AM
Certification
Building Energy Assessment Professional (BEAP)

S330E (Orange County Convention Center)
Pre-application Required. The BEAP certification validates competency to audit, assess and analyze residential, commercial and industrial building energy use and develop related recommendations.

8:00 AM-11:00 AM
Certification
Building Energy Modeling Professional (BEMP)

S330E (Orange County Convention Center)
Pre-application Required. The BEMP certification validates competency to model new and existing building and systems, and evaluate, select, use, calibrate and interpret the results of energy modeling software where applied to building and systems energy performance and economics.

8:00 AM-11:00 AM
Certification
Commissioning Process Management Professional (CPMP)

S330E (Orange County Convention Center)
Pre-application Required. The CPMP certification validates competency to develop and manage the whole building commissioning process with the owner.

8:00 AM-11:00 AM
Certification
Healthcare Facility Design Professional (HFDP)

S330E (Orange County Convention Center)
Pre-application Required. The HFDP certification validates competency to incorporate standards, guidelines and regulatory codes as well as unique healthcare facility requirements and design principles in HVAC system design.

8:00 AM-11:00 AM
Certification
High-Performance Building Design Professional (HBDP)

S330E (Orange County Convention Center)
Pre-application Required. The HBDP certification validates competency to design and integrate sustainable HVAC&R systems into high performing buildings.

8:00 AM-11:00 AM
Certification
Operations & Performance Management Professional (OPMP)

S330E (Orange County Convention Center)
Pre-application Required. The OPMP certification validates competency to manage facility operations and maintenance to achieve building performance goals, including those related to indoor environmental quality, health and safety.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Forum 3
How Can ASHRAE Help Provide Affordable High Performance Residential Buildings in Countries with Developing Economies?

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Ashish Rakheja, P.E., AEON Integrated Building Design Consultants LLP
Sponsor: Residential Buildings Committee
ASHRAE has a wealth of talent that can be applied to the unique and challenging issues and opportunities in developing economies. One of the major opportunities is to provide design guidance for affordable, workable residential building solutions for these economies. This forum discusses activities of the Developing Economies Ad Hoc Committee and seeks guidance from forum participants on ways ASHRAE leadership and members can encourage and improve interactions with engineering professionals in developing economies.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Forum 4
What Can We Do to Manage CKV Odor and Keep our Favorite Restaurant from Becoming an Unwelcome Neighbor?

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Russell Robison, Gaylord Industries
Technical Committee: 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation
Sponsor: 02.3
CoSponsor: 04.03 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
With the increasing trend of mixed-use development allowing for greater housing variety and density, the collision of residential, commercial, cultural and institutional are starting to collide. This forum focuses on presenting the challenges in managing commercial kitchen exhaust odor in mixed-use developments.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Technical Paper Session 9
Air Side System Performance

Systems and Equipment
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Alamelu Brooks, ICF International
Analysis of data from a study of fan-powered terminal units indicated that leakage rates depend mainly on the downstream pressure and could be grouped into low, medium and high airflow rate values that can be included into building simulation tools. Two control methods were evaluated to prevent reverse airflow through relief air dampers, return fan speed control and static pressure were two of the inputs required. Although mechanical ventilation systems are designed to provide adequate ventilation air to an occupant, recent measurements show that the convective boundary layer around a human body greatly influences the local transport of contaminants that may not be predicted by room airflow models.

1  Characterizing Air Leakage in Parallel Fan-Powered Terminal Unit (OR-16-027)

Dennis L. O'Neal, Ph.D., P.E., Baylor University
Jacob L. Edmondson, New York University Abu Dhabi
Air leakage data from six parallel fan powered terminal units that utilized electronically commutated motors were evaluated to determine if simple models of air leakage could be developed for applications in building energy simulation programs. The data is from an earlier investigation by Edmondson et al (2011). Units with both 8 in. (20.3 cm) and 12 in. (30.5 cm) primary inlets from three manufacturers were evaluated. The analysis included the impact of downstream static pressure, upstream static pressure, and primary airflow on the leakage from the units.

2  Reverse Relief Airflow Prevention and Building Pressurization with a Decoupled Relief Air Damper in Air-Handling Units (OR-16-028)

Gang Wang, P.E., University of Miami
Kaustubh Phalak, University of Miami
Outdoor airflow rate, building static pressure, supply air duct static pressure and relief air plenum static pressure, as controlled variables, are maintained by modulating the speed of the supply and return fans and the position of the outdoor, recirculating, and relief air dampers in an air handling unit (AHU). In practice, the three dampers are interlinked completely or partially to match independent control inputs with the controlled variables. The traditional damper control has all the three dampers interlinked with no control over the relief air plenum static pressure. The reverse relief airflow might occur as the outdoor air damper approaches the closed position. To prevent the reverse airflow, one of solutions is to decouple the relief air damper and maintain positive static pressure at the relief air plenum. Two control methods are available based on the control loop design.

3  The Air Velocity, Temperature and Pollution Distribution around the Human Body (OR-16-029)

Dusan Licina, Ph.D., University of California Berkeley
Arsen Melikov, Ph.D., Technical University of Denmark
Know Wai Tham, Ph.D., National University of Singapore
Chandra Sekhar, Ph.D., National University of Singapore
ASHRAE Grant-in-Aid Graduate Student Research Paper: This study presents a summary of experimental measurements on the airflow characteristics and pollution distribution around a non-breathing thermal manikin. The two objectives are: To examine the extent to which personal (body posture, clothing insulation, table positioning) and environmental factors (room air temperature and ventilation flow) affect the airflow characteristic (velocity and temperature) around the thermal manikin. To examine the pollution distribution within the convective boundary layer (CBL) around a thermal manikin and personal exposure to two types of airborne pollutants under factors that influence the CBL.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Technical Paper Session 10
Commercial Hot Water Use Research

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Wade Conlan, P.E., Exp
Technical Committee: 06.06 Service Water Heating Systems
The three papers in this session are the result of an ASHRAE research project that provided more recent information on hot water demand and usage patterns in two types of hotels, those with meeting rooms and a commercial food service kitchen and those without. The first paper provides an overview of the methodology used in the study. The second and third papers present the results of the data collected that resulted in a new hotel hot water system sizing procedure.

1  Hot Water Use in Hotels (Results of ASHRAE RP 1544) Part 1: Hotel Hot Water System Monitoring Techniques (OR-16-030)

Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Applied Energy Technology
Russell Johnson, Johnson Research LLC
This is the first in a series of technical papers written to describe results of ASHRAE research project 1544. Hot water use in hotels and its associated energy use is significant. However, information on hotel hot water use patterns has been limited until now, resulting in most hotel hot water systems being designed using extremely old hot water use data (45-80 years old) that predate the introduction of water and energy efficient fixtures and appliances. In recognition of this fact, ASHRAE funded research project 1544 “Establishing Benchmark Levels and Patterns of Commercial Hot Water Use – Hotels” to both develop a monitoring methodology that could be duplicated by others to collect hot water use data from a larger number of hotels, and to obtain updated hot water use information from at least two hotels. This first paper describes the technique used to locate and solicit participating hotels, details about the hotels tested, and the instrumentation, data collection approach and equipment used in the field test effort.

2  Hot Water Use in Hotels (Results of ASHRAE RP 1544) Part 2: Travel Hotel Hot Water System Monitoring Results (OR-16-031)

Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Applied Energy Technology
Russell Johnson, Johnson Research LLC
This is the second in a series of technical papers written to describe results of ASHRAE research project 1544. Hot water use in hotels and its associated energy use is significant. However, information on hotel hot water use patterns has been limited until now, resulting in most hotel hot water systems being designed using extremely old hot water use data (45-80 years old) that predate the introduction of water and energy efficient fixtures and appliances. In recognition of this fact, ASHRAE funded research project 1544 “Establishing Benchmark Levels and Patterns of Commercial Hot Water Use – Hotels” to both develop a monitoring methodology that could be duplicated by others to collect hot water use data from a larger number of hotels, and to obtain updated hot water use information from at least two hotels. This second paper describes data collected from a “travel” style hotel having no meeting rooms or commercial food service.

3  Hot Water Use in Hotels (Results of ASHRAE RP 1544) Part 3: Business Hotel Hot Water System Monitoring Results (OR-16-032)

Carl C. Hiller, Ph.D., P.E., Applied Energy Technology
Russell Johnson, Johnson Research LLC
This is the third in a series of technical papers written to describe results of ASHRAE research project 1544. Hot water use in hotels and its associated energy use is significant. However, information on hotel hot water use patterns has been limited until now, resulting in most hotel hot water systems being designed using extremely old hot water use data (45-80 years old) that predate the introduction of water and energy efficient fixtures and appliances. In recognition of this fact, ASHRAE funded research project 1544 “Establishing Benchmark Levels and Patterns of Commercial Hot Water Use – Hotels” to both develop a monitoring methodology that could be duplicated by others to collect hot water use data from a larger number of hotels, and to obtain updated hot water use information from at least two hotels. This third paper describes data collected from a “business” style hotel having multiple meeting rooms and several restaurants and thus a commercial kitchen.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 19
Challenges and Opportunities in Residential Construction

International Design
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jason Urso, P.E., Tighe & Bond
The papers in this session describe issues with residential construction and energy use in three continents. A survey of residential energy use in Greece provides an existing database that can be used as the basis for additional EU requirements. A simulation approach was used to determine cost-effective means for further energy reduction in Toronto homes. The cold climate in Korea along with energy conservation measures have led to interior moisture condensation problems on windows. A new Korean design standard is discussed that addresses this issue.   

1  Bottom-up Assessment of Hellenic Residential Building Stock Energy Performance (OR-16-C071)

Constantinos Balaras, Ph.D., Group Energy Conservation (IERSD-NOA)
Elena G. Dascalaki, Ph.D., Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, NOA
Kaliopi G. Droutsa, Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, NOA
Simon Kontoyiannidis, Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, NOA
The residential building sector is responsible for about 26% of total energy consumption in the European Union and account for 75% of the total building stock. About 64% of the residential buildings were constructed before the 80s and the widespread adoption of energy efficiency regulations. In the framework of a European research project there is an ongoing multinational effort to develop a conceptual framework for monitoring the effectiveness of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) applied in European residential buildings. The conceptual framework is based on national residential building typologies for single- and multi-family houses. The goal is to derive suitable energy performance indicators that will enable stakeholders on different scales to ensure a high quality of energy refurbishment plans, check compliance with regulations, track and steer the refurbishment processes in a cost-effective way and quantify actual energy savings in order to meet regional or national targets. This paper will provide an overview of these efforts and focus on the results from the Hellenic pilot action within EPICOPE.

2  A Multi-Objective Optimization Environment for Analysis of Passive Energy Conservation Measures in a Toronto House (OR-16-C072)

Matthew Tokarik, Ryerson University
Advancements in whole building energy modeling have coincided with the demand for improved building energy performance and have become a useful tool in determining optimal configurations of energy saving measures on the path to net zero building. This study presents a multi-objective optimization environment in which passive energy conservations measures of a high performance house in Toronto are evaluated for life cycle cost and performance. The main objective of the study was to identify economically efficient design solutions that may be used to inform future efficient housing design and housing performance standards.

3  Condensation Resistance Evaluation of a Double-Sliding Window System in Accordance with the Korean Design Standard for Preventing Condensation in Apartment Buildings (OR-16-C073)

Sihyun Park, Ewha Womans University
Minhee Kim, Ewha Womans University
Jae-han Lim, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University
Seung-Yeong Song, Ph.D., Ewha Womans University
Recently built residential apartment buildings have faced the issue of increased condensation risk caused by highly insulated and airtight building designs used to decrease building energy consumption. In particular, glazing systems have a high risk of condensation on the inside surface of building envelopes. Especially during cold winters in Korea, condensation in residential buildings damages the interior surfaces, leading to mold or mildew problems and causing discomfort of the building occupants. To eliminate condensation risks and secure the well-being of the occupants, the Korean Design Standard for Preventing Condensation was announced in 2014. Nonetheless, current glazing systems in the market cannot fulfill the strengthened design standards. Therefore, a high-performance glazing system that satisfies the new enhanced standard is needed. A brief comparison between the newly developed Korean Design Standard for Preventing Condensation and other international standards was performed.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 20
Thermal Storage Applications

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Joy Altwies, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wisconsin-Madison
This session addresses three applications of thermal storage to offset energy consumption and increase building efficiency. A ventilated concrete slab is evaluated as a thermal storage to preheat outdoor air introduced into an air source heat pump system and showed an increase in the coefficient of performance (COP) and a decrease in energy consumption in the evening.  Secondly a design build project utilized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to determine the number of chilled water storage tanks required to supplement chillers in the event of a power outage. Lastly, 'pre-cooling' control strategies are modeled and tested to find the temperature change and energy saving when incorporated prior to a demand response event.

1  Using Building's Thermal Mass As Short-Term Integrated Energy Storage (OR-16-C074)

Navid Ekrami, Ryerson University
Alan Fung, Ph.D., P.E., Ryerson University
Effectivness of a ventilated concrete slab (VCS) as a thermal storage integrated with an Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) and Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) collector was studied. Design criteria of air channels inside the slab are discussed considering the mass flow rate of air and size of channels. A TRNSYS model of BIPV/T systems was used to estimate potential thermal generation of the BIPV/T panels in the winter. Generated thermal energy was stored in the VCS and then released back to the ASHP during night-time operation.

2  CFD Design and Validation of a Thermal Storage Tank System and Its Impact in a Design-Build Project (OR-16-C075)

Michael Kilkeary, P.E., Southland Industries
Reza Ghias, Ph.D., Price
Robert Huston, Southland Industries
This paper discusses how the use of advanced engineering tools in HVAC industry has increased as the cost of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become more affordable for engineering firms.  We employed CFD in a design-build project in which conventional engineering tools were not sufficient to address the design challenges of developing an efficient chilled water thermal storage system. The system utilized a series of vertical tanks to store chilled water to supplement chillers in the event of a power failure. Chilled water is routed from the storage tanks to critical equipment during chiller re-start, bridging the gap in time that the chillers are unable to provide set-point chilled water due to power failure and subsequent required time to re-start.

3  Utilizing Passive Thermal Storage for Improving Residential Air-Conditioning Demand Response (OR-16-C076)

Josh R. Wall, Ph.D., CSIRO Energy
Harshal Upadhye, Electric Power Research Institute
Jeremy Stoddard, CSIRO Energy
As air conditioning (AC) has evolved from luxury to almost necessity, the rapid uptake of residential AC systems is creating major problems for our electricity network infrastructure, particularly on peak summer days. By using automated demand response (DR) signals, energy service providers aim to constrain the electrical demand that these systems place on the network. One such DR signalling scheme is Australian Standard 4755.3.1 that defines how air conditioning appliances respond to a set of initiating signals for reducing energy consumption. This paper highlights potential benefits obtained when performing ‘pre-cooling’ control strategies in summer prior to a demand response event.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 63
Cybersecurity for HVAC Automation Systems

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Mike Galler, National Institute of Science and Technology
Technical Committee: 01.05 Computer Applications
Cybersecurity of HVAC controllers and networks has become a topic of increased concern, especially in light of some recent highly publicized security-related incidents (i.e. Stuxnet and similar) in the industrial controls sector. This seminar provides a range of information related to HVAC cybersecurity.

1  IEC 62443: Industrial Network and System Security Applicability to the Built Environment

Bruce Billedeaux, P.E., Maverick Technologies
Cyber security means many things to many people. Banking, government, utilities all have their own standards and terminology. All have the same goal to prevent disruption of operations, loss of sensitive data, and protection of life and property. But many of these standards are IT centric and are difficult to apply to the building control environment. One standard designed explicitly for automation is IEC 62443: Industrial Network and System Security. This presentation discusses how this standard can be applied to the automation ion the built environment, and how it differs from other cyber security standards.

9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 64
Pursuing Energy Efficiency May Put Your Data Center IT At Risk

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Nick Gangemi, Northern Air Systems
Technical Committee: 09.09 Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment
Reducing the environmental impact of data center cooling and the cost of operation is rightly high on the agenda. However, from a business perspective, it is important to recognize that actions to save energy may impact how much IT can be installed and whether it will be resilient when redundant cooling systems fail. Similarly, deployments of IT Equipment, and their in-cabinet configuration, may impact IT resilience, future install capacity and energy efficiency. This seminar addresses how IT and Facilities Management can work together to balance all 3 parameters and meet the business need.

1  A Holistic Approach to Characterizing Mission Critical Facility Cooling Performance

Husam Alissa, State University of New York at Binghamton
The main challenge in understanding cooling performance in a legacy data center is the invisible transport medium (air). This seminar describes a comprehensive experimental characterization of a new data center lab. Airflow and temperature measurements are utilized to understand the facility’s performance at different operational stages. Since the facility houses a wide range of different IT equipment (servers, switches, storages, blades), it is important to understand the airflow demand of each. The IT was tested and flow characterized. The characterization data is integrated via compact models into a full CFD simulation. Measured data from the facility are used for validation.

2  Analysis of Cooling Performance of an Enclosed Hybrid-Cooled Server Cabinet

Kourosh Nemati, State University of New York, Binghamton
Localized hybrid air-water cooling in server cabinets remove heat using a self contained system that does not interact with the room level air cooling system is one approach to more effectively control the cooling when there is wide variation in the amount of dissipation in neighboring racks. This seminar describes an experimental test and CFD validation of a commercial hybrid-cooled enclosed cabinet. The model includes fans and channels and the heat exchanger box and uses experimentally measured flow curves for the IT equipment.  A sensitivity study was applied to the validated model to investigate the effect of leakage on cabinets performance.

3  Filling the Engineering Gap: Balancing Data Center Availability, Capacity and Efficiency

Mark Seymour, CEng, Future Facilities Ltd
DCIM provides tools to bridge the gap in terms of process and data communication between facilities and IT, but there is still a gap in terms of the engineering consequences of actions. This presentation will give examples of how common practices, at both the rack and the room scale (including the impact of choosing to co-locate different types of IT), can impact availability, capacity and efficiency in different ways. Metrics will be used to quantify the impact of proposed changes so that the business can make IT deployment and infrastructure decisions in a holistic way to fit its needs.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Technical Paper Session 11
Strategies to Improve Building Models and Operation

Fundamentals and Applications
Orange Ballroom G (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: David S. Eldridge Jr., P.E., Grumman Butkus Associates
This session evaluates automated schedule and operation detection in commercial buildings to help lower energy costs and operating expenses and can be evaluated using linear regression and density-based clustering. Also, outdoor air percentage are varied to develop change-point regression modeling for heating and cooling in hot and humid climates. Energy models are obviously only as reliable as the information included in the model, and this session quantifies the economic risk of unknown assumptions and evaluates passive design strategies to increase resilience when modeling high rise residential facilities with large glass loads.

1  Automated Data Mining Methods for Identifying Energy Efficiency Opportunities Using Whole-Building Electricity Data (OR-16-033)

T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E., The Design School/The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment
Phillip Howard, Arizona State University
George Runger, Ph.D., Arizona State University
Srinivas Katipamula, Ph.D., P.E., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Automated detection of schedule- and operation-related energy savings opportunities in commercial buildings can help building owners lower operating expenses while also reducing the adverse societal impacts such as global greenhouse gas emissions. We propose automated methods of identifying certain energy efficiency opportunities in commercial buildings using only whole-building electricity consumption and local climate data. Our two-step approach uses piecewise linear regression and density-based clustering to detect both schedule- and operation-related electricity consumption faults. This paper discusses results obtained from applying this approach to two office buildings and two residential buildings meant to demonstrate our model’s effectiveness in identifying such energy efficiency opportunities. Ways by which the analysis results can be conveniently and succinctly presented to building managers and operators are also suggested.

2  Determination of the Influence of Outside Air Intake Fraction on Choosing Independent Variable for Cooling Regression Modeling in Hot and Humid Climates (OR-16-034)

Xiaoli Li, Texas A&M University
Juan-Carlos Baltazar, Ph.D., P.E., Texas A&M University
Lei Wang, Ph.D., P.E., Texas A&M University
On the establishment of a reliable baselines for energy savings estimation, one or more variables are usually used to determine a model by regression analysis. These regression models generally use one or more independent variables, such as outside air temperature (OAT), degree days, or combination of these with occupancy or humidity. Based in a calibrated multi-use building energy simulation in a hot and humid climates, in this paper the study of the influence of outside air intake fraction on the selection of the best parameter to develop change-point regression modeling for cooling and heating energy use was evaluated. A comparison among regressions based on three variables, two regularly used in measuring and verification (M&V) process – OAT and outside air enthalpy (OAE), plus the addition of an operational enthalpy was carried out. The study included variations of the outside air intake fraction in the range of 10% -100% and the development of the corresponding patterns of regression models for each of the parameters.

3  Optimization under Economic Uncertainty Using a Net-Zero Energy Commercial Office Case-Study (OR-16-035)

Scott Bucking, Ph.D., Carleton University
Energy modelling and optimization studies can facilitate the design of cost-effective, low-energy buildings. However, this process inevitably involves early assumptions of unknowns such as predicting occupant behavior, future climate and econometric assumptions. As presently practiced, energy modelers typically do not quantify the implications of these unknown into performance outcomes. This paper describes an energy modelling approach to quantify economic risk and better inform decision-makers of the economic feasibility of a project. The proposed methodology suggests how economic uncertainty can be quantified within an optimization framework. This approach improves modelling outcomes by factoring in the effect of variability in assumptions and improves confidence in simulation results. The methodology is demonstrated using a net-zero energy commercial office building case-study located in London, ON.

4  Simulation-Based Evaluation of High-Rise Residential Building Thermal Resilience (OR-16-036)

William O'Brien, Ph.D., Carleton University
There is a trend towards high-rise residential buildings with large glazed areas – often floor-to-ceiling. In most climates, these buildings are reliant on mechanical systems to maintain comfort as a result of the poor insulating properties and high solar transmittance of the glazing. In the summer they are prone to overheating from high solar gains; in the winter, they are prone to thermal discomfort due to low surface temperatures and high heat loss through poorly-insulated glazing and other façade components. Thus, such buildings are vulnerable to power failures, mechanical system failures, and extended demand response strategies. Furthermore, such buildings can be uncomfortable and high in energy consumption during normal operation. This paper describes a methodology to evaluate building resilience using simulation methods. Several resilience metrics were developed or obtained from the literature including: thermal autonomy and passive survivability. A Toronto, Canada-based case study was performed to assess the effect of various passive design strategies to improve resilience. Results showed that thermal autonomy was very poor without occupant interaction. However, this did not translate to poor passive survivability; relatively comfortable conditions were maintained for at least two to three days after power failures.

5  Suitability of ASHRAE Guideline 14 Metrics for Calibration (OR-16-037)

Joshua New, Ph.D., ONRL
Aaron Garrett, Ph.D., Jacksonville State University
We introduce and provide results from a rigorous, scientific testing methodology that allows pure building model calibration systems to be compared fairly to traditional output error (e.g. how well does simulation output match utility bills?) as well as input-side error (e.g. how well, variable-by-variable, did the calibration capture the true building's description?). This system is then used to generate data for a correlation study of output and input error measures that validates CV(RMSE) and NMBE metrics put forth by ASHRAE Guideline 14 and suggests possible alternatives.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 21
Improved Control Strategies for Building Systems

Fundamentals and Applications
Orlando Ballroom V (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Jennifer E. Leach, P.E., Cummins-Wagner Co, Inc.
This session evaluates smart windows incorporated into a commercial building to help reduce energy consumption, while improving thermal and visual comfort and predicts building performance while utilizing discrete and continuous Bayesian network. The session also evaluates implementing machine learning algorithms to detect abnormalities in chilled water systems and minimizing redundancy and uncertainty of parameters when performing heat transfer equipment testing.

1  Smart Windows Control Strategies for Building Energy Savings in Summer Conditions: A Comparison between Optimal and Model Predictive Controllers (OR-16-C077)

Jean-Michel Dussault, P.E., Université Laval
Maarten Sourbron, Ph.D., Université Laval
Louis Gosselin, Ph.D., P.E., Université Laval
Smart windows are used to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal and visual comfort by controlling the solar flux entering into a building and/or adapting their thermal resistances. A commercial building with integrated electrochromic windows is modeled. The hour-by-hour state of the smart windows required to minimize overall energy consumption (heating, cooling, lighting) while respecting constraints related to visual comfort is determined through an optimization strategy based on genetic algorithms. Then, this optimal control is compared to two other approaches that could be applied in real-time applications: (i) rule-based control, and (ii) predictive control. The impacts of thermal mass, façade orientation and climate are analyzed.

2  Bayesian Network-Based HVAC Energy Consumption Prediction Using Improved Fourier Series Decomposition (OR-16-C078)

Fuxin Niu, University of Alabama
Zheng O`Neill, Ph.D., P.E., University of Alabama
Accurate energy performance prediction of HVAC system plays a significant role for intelligent building operations to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption in buildings. In modern commercial and residential buildings, large amounts of raw data, including electric metering data, are monitored, trended and saved in, for example, Building Automation System (BAS). Due to the complexity of building mechanical and electrical system and the cost, practically speaking, it is impossible to have sensors/meters to monitor the building at a fine granularity. Building total energy consumption (e.g., total electricity consumption) is one of the most commonly available metering data.

3  Machine Learning Algorithms for Abnormality Detection of Chilled Water Systems (OR-16-C079)

Jose E. Valenzuela del Rio, Ph.D., Superior Talent
Scott Duncan, Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology
Yanal Issac, Georgia Institute of Technology
Adam Coulon, Georgia Institute of Technology
Dimitri Mavris, Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology
Many facility departments have installed energy meters seeking to pin point how, where and when energy is being inefficiently utilized. This has led to the recording of vast amount of data over extended periods of time, which makes it very difficult to manage and manually analyze. Luckily, techniques in machine learning have shown promising results in automated knowledge discovery making it more and more crucial when large data is at hand. This paper applies machine learning (ML) algorithms to detect abnormalities in chilled water systems (CWS) at building level. Two abnormal situations are pursued: chilled water sensor misreadings and low thermal efficiency in terms of delta T. The visualization of building chilled water historical data provides general trends and an initial identification of the building abnormalities; this visualization also helps to lay down the requirements for the abnormality detection algorithms, and eventually, their selection.

4  Minimizing Data Reduction Uncertainty during Heat-Transfer Equipment Testing (OR-16-C080)

Liping Liu, Ph.D., Lawrence Tech University
Young-Gil Park, Ph.D., University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Anthony M. Jacobi, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The accuracy of experimental results has always concerned engineers and scientists. The uncertainty of each parameter is desired to be minimized because these uncertainties will propagate in the data reduction process. In heat-transfer equipment testing, there are usually two independent measurements of heat-transfer rate in the hot and cold stream respectively (Qh and Qc). It is proposed in this paper that Qave should be calculated based on a form of weighted-linear average, with weighting factors depending on the individual uncertainties in Qh and Qc. Heat-transfer rate which has higher uncertainty will be weighed less in the average, and the other one with lower uncertainty will be weighed more accordingly. Implementing this new methodology will minimize the uncertainty in heat-transfer coefficient and Colburn j factors, which will consequently provide more accurate data for use in the development of correlations or for performance comparison purposes.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Conference Paper Session 22
Net Zero Energy Building and Photovoltaics

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom B (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Sarah E. Maston, P.E., Green Footprints Commissioning, Inc.
This session evaluates a net zero energy (NZE) building in severe cold weather climates and the strategies that must be considered from initial design, through construction and into building operation and describes three tiers of demand response technology integration and what the future holds for NZE buildings. The path to NZE many times relies on on-site power generation and this session evaluates the economic feasibility of photovoltaics on universities and incorporating solar concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) systems to produce electricity and thermal energy simultaneously by filtering infrared light from visual light.

1  Design Strategies for a Net Zero Energy Building in Severe Cold Climate: A Case Study for China (OR-16-C081)

Rudai Shan, University of Michigan
Xiaodong Xia, Shenyang Jian Zhu University
Tiemao Shi, Ph.D., Shenyang Jian Zhu University
The currently developing concept of net zero energy building should be adaptive for different climate situations. Buildings in the severe cold area of China have higher energy consumption and release gas emission due to large heating energy demand in wintertime. It is challenging to design and operate a net zero energy building in severe cold climate. This paper will discuss the feasibility of a net zero energy office building design targeting for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability from the initial planning, final construction, until the operation. An on-campus office building is studied as an experimental objective in Shenyang, Liaoning Province in China.

2  University Investments in Solar Photovoltaics: The Solar Endowment (OR-16-C082)

William Hutzel, P.E., Purdue University
Samuel Landry, Purdue University
The global demand for electrical energy is increasing as a result of population growth and a higher standard of living that is enjoyed by many people.  However, the availability of electricity is often limited by fuel supplies and/or infrastructure for generating and distributing power.  In addition, the looming threat of green house gas emissions and the collateral damage to the environment has encouraged efforts to diversify methods of electricity production.  These factors have led to the increased use of renewable energy, particularly solar and wind, to help meet the demand for energy. In particular, the shift towards solar energy has been accelerating due to the decreasing cost of materials and installation. Universities are one possible location where solar electricity makes good sense.

3  Net Zero Energy Buildings and the Grid: Designing for Success on Both Sides of the Meter (OR-16-C083)

Alexi Miller, P.E., New Buildings Institute
Jim Edelson, New Buildings Institute
As zero net energy (ZNE) buildings and other low-energy buildings become increasingly common it is important to consider how different ZNE strategies can interact with their local electricity grids. Demand response technologies and grid-sensitive design features in ZNE buildings will be critical to enabling the integration of these facilities into the grid at a large scale. The paper describes three tiers of DR and renewable energy technology integration in commercial buildings: Conventional buildings with one-way energy flows or conventional net metering. Moderately responsive buildings with interactive demand response capacity. Fully grid-integrated buildings with active and passive efficiency and demand response features, often with on-site renewable energy. This paper presents a framework for employing design strategies and measures that ensure buildings of the future can benefit from, and support, the grid modernization efforts that will occur throughout the life of the buildings.

4  Appropriate Solar Spectrum Usage: The Novel Design of Photovoltaic Thermal System (OR-16-C084)

Ebrahim Elshik, University of Johannesburg
Christiaan Bester, University of Johannesburg
Andre Nel, University of Johannesburg
The path towards zero energy buildings is fraught with many challenges, the onsite renewable energy production to drive consumer appliances that are not low or zero energy is an important challenge. Therefore, developing the energy production such that the production mode is matched to the usage is the simplest manner to improve efficiency.  As such, energy consumption for lighting could be significantly reduced by optimizing the building`s design to maximize direct daylight usage, similarly cooking using solar stoves, or water heating using solar geysers, reduce the need for PV cells electricity. The most important energy consumption in most buildings is HVAC (which accounts for approximately 40% of a building`s energy consumption) which can be addressed with the use of a solar power absorption chiller. This article introduces a design of a novel solar concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) system that produces electricity and thermal energy simultaneously from the same surface area.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 65
Compression Challenges for Low-GWP Refrigerants

Systems and Equipment
Orange Ballroom D (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Georgi Kazachki, Ph.D., Dayton Phoenix Group, Inc.
Technical Committee: 08.01 Positive Displacement Compressors
Sponsor: Refrigeration Committee
Advanced methods for modeling the compression process with low-GWP refrigerants and the associated challenges are discussed and illustrated on existing and new compressor designs.

1  Design Improvements of the Spool Compressor Using Comprehensive Modeling Techniques

Craig Bradshaw, Ph.D., Torad Engineering
The development of spool compressors for various applications is investigated.  Using comprehensive modeling techniques it is shown how the various trade-offs in compressor design can be mitigated prior to extensive design and prototyping effort being expended.  The study focuses on air-conditioning applications and the practical limitations associated with the comprehensive modeling approach.

2  Design Improvements of the Spool Compressor for Various Working Fluids Using Comprehensive Modeling Techniques

Margaret Mathison, Ph.D., Iowa State University
An in-depth analysis of the comprehensive model results of a spool compressor on various low-GWP refrigerants is presented.  The heat transfer, leakage, and frictional components are explored independently.  This analysis aims at demonstrating how the comprehensive modeling tools can be used to make more informed design decisions when comparing performance with various working fluids.

3  Modeling of an Oil-Free Carbon Dioxide Compressor Using Sanderson-Rocker Arm Motion (S-RAM) Mechanism

Eckhard Groll, Dr.Ing., Purdue University
A simulation model to predict the performance of a prototype CO2 compressor is presented. This prototype compressor employs the Sanderson-Rocker Arm Motion (S-RAM) mechanism, which converts the rotary motion of the shaft into a linear reciprocating motion of the cylinders. The piston stroke can be variable by changing the incline angle between the connecting rod and compressor main shaft centerline. The compressor model is mainly composed of two main sub-models simulating the kinematics of the drive mechanism and the compression process. A valve sub-model is included in the compression process model.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 66
Energy Performance Run By Data

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom C (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Karel Kabele, Dr.Ing., REHVA
Technical Committee: 07.06 Building Energy Performance
Sponsor: REHVA
A consistent strategy for energy saving and sustainability should benefit from the all the opportunities opened by scientific and technological development. One of the biggest challenges in a building is to find the right equilibrium between the energy demand and the well-being provided to occupants. The evolution of information and communication technologies, together with the decrease of the cost of sensors and monitoring systems, opened new perspectives. Nowadays the decision-making process is much better informed and based on performance indicators, which are widely used in energy and environmental rating systems for buildings. The experiences of European leaders will be presented

1  Data Driven IEQ Control in Low Energy Buildings

Karel Kabele, Dr.Ing., Czech Technical University in Prague
Energy performance of buildings has an impact on the quality of the indoor environment. Nevertheless, the technical building systems can ensure the desired state of the internal environment, occurs in many low-energy buildings the deterioration of subjective perception and dissatisfaction of users. The paper focuses on issues related to the design of concept and controll of heating and ventilation systems in low energy residential and school buildings, and its impact on the quality of the indoor environment.

2  Affordable IEQ Monitoring Solutions for Small and Medium-Size Buildings

Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva, Dr.Ing., REHVA
It is presented a case study of a building where an IEQ monitoring system has been installed. The architecture of the monitoring system is based on sensing systems from different manufacturers, but having in common a USB digital output. The data communication, as well as the developed softare codes to ensure the data processing, collection and display are also presented.

3  Occupant Behavior Monitoring and Engagement: Low Investment Measures to Optimize IEQ and Save Energy in Buildings

Stefano Corgnati, Ph.D., P.E., REHVA
The most important types of interactions of occupants with the building façades or control systems are defined. The models available to integrate human behavior on simulations are explained. Results of the different studies, both field works and simulations, are presented and discussed. The corrective measures to improve the indoor environmental quality are explained, as well as the strategies to promote more environmental friendly behaviors.

4  Environmental Performance of a Building Translated into Financial Performance

Frank Hovorka, REHVA
Besides the positive impacts on environment and the reduction of exploitation coss of buildings, the environmental certification of buildings may contribute to rise their value. The methods to translate the environmental performance into finantial benefits are discussed in this presentation.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 67
Simulation for Cutting-Edge Building Design

Cutting-Edge Technologies
Orange Ballroom F (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Nathaniel Jones, MIT
Technical Committee: 04.07 Energy Calculations
Cutting-edge simulation techniques have the power to expose design ideas that can radically reduce energy demands starting from an early point in the design process. However, integrating new simulation methods into existing design practices requires both creativity and depth of knowledge on the part of designers. This seminar brings together three experts from the industry to present how they have integrated advanced simulation techniques to increase energy efficiency, reduce resource consumption and further the design goals of a number of projects.

1.00  Modeling a Building Before It Has Been Designed: Cloud-Based Pre-Simulation to Build a Multi-Parameter Design Space

Christopher B. Baker, The Weidt Group
In the field of numerical optimization, there a concept called design space, a collection of parameter values that meet externally imposed criteria of acceptability. Designers are increasingly interested in understanding the extents of a design space prior to initiating any design studies. How can we run optimization studies on a building before it has been designed? This situation has led to the development of decision guiding mechanisms in our design studios that employs pre-simulated datasets to construct a multi-parameter design space to inform the conceptualization of the guiding concepts of an architectural design.

2.00  Designing an Energy and Water Efficient Hotel Using an Equation-Based Modeling Approach

Reymundo J. Miranda, P.E., UCI Engineering
Sen Huang, University of Miami
Wangda Zuo, Ph.D., University of Miami
In this project, we are designing an energy and water efficient hotel in Miami, Florida, by combining heat recovery and rainwater collection systems. The waste heat from space cooling is used to preheat the domestic hot water. The boilers for domestic hot water system also provide heat source for space heating when needed. The rainwater is collected, stored, and processed for non-potable usage, including cooling tower makeup water. Modelica, which is an equation based modeling language, is adopted to enable the fast modeling of the combined energy and water system as well as their controls.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 68
Net Zero Energy Home Strategies from Coast to Coast

Modern Residential Systems
Orange Ballroom A (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Dianne Griffiths, P.E., Steven Winter Assoc.
Technical Committee: 04.03 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration
Sponsor: Residential Buildings Committee
CoSponsor: 02.08 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability
Affordable and healthy high performance net zero energy (NZE) homes that combine energy efficiency improvements with onsite renewable energy production are possible throughout the country. However, it can be difficult to determine the appropriate strategy for achieving NZE performance while maintaining acceptable occupant comfort and indoor air quality. This seminar discusses technology issues and local conditions and practices and provides design guidance and cost-optimal performance packages that are applicable locally, regionally and nationally. Modeling tools, an experimental facility and real-world examples of affordable net zero energy home design packages are reviewed.

1  Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in a Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility

Lisa Ng, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology
A net-zero energy (NZE) residential test facility is used to evaluate options for achieving NZE performance on a home similar in size, aesthetics, and amenities to those in the surrounding communities while meeting the average electricity and water use needs of a family of four.  The facility incorporates renewable energy and energy efficient technologies, including a heat recovery ventilator sized to meet ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010 ventilation requirements, because ventilation is a significant portion of the energy requirement in a NZE home.  This presentation will discuss the operation of the HRV and its impact on the indoor air quality and energy use.

2  Least-Cost Pathway to Net Zero Energy Homes

Jon Winkler, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Dane Christensen, Ph.D., NREL
Net zero energy (NZE) homes require additional investments in improving energy efficiency and adding rooftop PV.  It can be challenging to determine the most cost effective way to reach NZE because it depends on climate, energy costs and relative costs of energy efficiency and PV technology options. BEopt software can be used to evaluate residential building designs, identifying cost-optimal performance packages at various levels of whole-house energy savings. This presentation will provide a brief overview of BEopt capabilities along with several case studies of NZE homes designed and built using information from BEopt.

3  Natural Gas Options for Net Zero Energy Homes

Sue Kristjansson, Southern California Gas Co.
As net zero energy (NZE) construction gains momentum, so does the number of stakeholders who believe electrification is the best way to achieve NZE performance.  However, natural gas provides a clean, affordable and domestic energy option for NZE homes that is often overlooked when stakeholders think only in terms of site energy performance.  This presentation will focus on California’s ambitious NZE goals, describe how NZE is calculated in California, and showcase the societal benefits of including high efficiency natural gas direct use as a viable alternative to electric technology options for NZE homes in California.

11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 69
The Future of Demand Control Kitchen Ventilation (DCKV) and the Impact of Recent Significant Changes to Relevant Codes and Standards

Standards, Guidelines and Codes
Orange Ballroom E (Hilton Orlando)
Chair: Michael Watz Jr., P.E., Accurex a Greenheck Company
Technical Committee: 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation
This seminar describes case studies of integrating demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV) with energy management system (EMS). In addition, the session covers changes related to DCKV in California Title 24 and ASHRAE 90.1 and updates to UL 710 Exhaust Hoods for Commercial Cooking Equipment and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 154 Ventilation for Commercial Cooking Operations.

1  Integrating DCKV with EMS: A Field-Study Perspective!

Don Fisher, P.Eng., Food Service Technology Center
Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation (DCKV) had gained traction and market adoption within the world of commercial foodservice, stimulated by recent changes to Standard 90.1 and Title 24. Similarly, energy management systems (EMS) have secured renewed interest by major restaurant chains in North America. While both systems derive savings from the HVAC piece of the “energy pie”, they compete for a piece of the capital budget. At this stage in product offerings, there has been little integration of the two technologies. Based on three field studies, this presentation discusses the benefits of combining the two technologies within one platform.

2  The Role DCKV Plays within the Energy Efficiency Goals of Standard 90.1, California Title 24 and the Model Codes

Richard T. Swierczyna, Food Service Technology Center
This seminar will discuss the present and future roles that Demand Controlled Kitchen Ventilation (DCKV) systems play as a viable energy efficiency measure in food service facilities. It will be presented within the framework of Standard 90.1, California’s Title 24, the IMC and UMC.

3  Impacts of Changes in Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Codes and Standards with a Focus on UL710, "Exhaust Hoods for Commercial Cooking Equipment"

Dwayne Sloan, UL LLC
There are several recent and upcoming changes to codes and testing standards that impact the performance, installation and commissioning of commercial kitchen ventilation equipment. This session will focus on the relationship between various UL test standards and code requirements, and address some of the frequently asked technical questions received by UL. This session will also focus on the significant changes in UL Standard ANSI/UL710, “Exhaust Hoods for Commercial Cooking Equipment”, that were published in 2012, and have an upcoming effective date of September 2017.

4  Recent Updates to ASHRAE Standard 154 Ventilation for Commercial Cooking Operations

Stephen Brown, LC Systems Inc
The SSPC recently completed revisions, updates, public review and submission for publication of ASHRAE Standard 154, Ventilation for Commercial Cooking Operations.

Register now!