2016 ASHRAE Winter Conference

Electricity consumption per capita has been gradually increasing by 8% annually during the past 10 years in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. One of the main reasons for this above-average growth rate is the utilization of low-efficiency electrical home appliances, which is encouraged by the low initial investment and the artificially low energy prices. In 2013, the residential sector consumed nearly 126 terawatt hours, which represents 49% of the country’s electricity consumption. This paper investigates the potential savings in primary energy that can be achieved by switching residential water heating and cooking appliances from electricity to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

This paper describes a single-circuit hot gas bypass defrost strategy, similar to those used in commercial refrigeration applications, for a residential heat pump. The hot gas bypass strategy does not require a reversal of the cycle, but instead bypasses some hot gas from the compressor discharge line through some or all of the circuits of the evaporator (outdoor unit) coil to remove frost. Similar defrosting strategies are successfully utilized in large-scale refrigeration systems, such as those used in supermarkets, but these methods are not commonly implemented in smaller systems for the residential or light-commercial markets. A prototype system was developed for investigation consisting of a manifold system that allows hot gas to be bypassed from the compressor discharge line through any or all of the five circuits on the outdoor unit coil.

This paper proposes the conditional demand analysis (CDA) methodology, which is relevant in electric energy consumption by main household facilities and suggests important variables that can affect CDA values, accordingly. Although households, particularly apartments, are considered the main primary energy- and electricity-consuming housing type in Korea, efforts on reducing electricity consumption by households are limited. The usage of energy is mainly focused on primary energy. Considering that many attempts have been made to reduce residential energy consumption, disaggregating total electric energy consumption into specific end-use level such as heating, cooling, ventilating, hot-water supply and lighting, is a very useful method. In general, by obtaining information on the energy consumed by each piece of equipment, we can easily determine the total electric energy consumed.