8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Conference Paper Session 2
Airflow Requirements and Modeling Approaches
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
221 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Joy Altwies, Ph.D., P.E., University of Wisconsin-Madison
Different space applications and uses often dictate widely varying air flow and ventilation requirements. This session explores different and unique methods to model these requirements in three different applications: data center, laboratory and kitchens with multiple cooking appliances.
1 Experimental Study on Ventilation Requirements of Exhaust Hoods for Multiple Cooking Appliances (ST-16-C003)
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Toshiya Iwamatsu, Ph.D., Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry |
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Wataru Urabe, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry |
The purpose of this research was to investigate the ventilation requirements of an exhaust hood for multiple cooking appliances. There are two types of exhaust hoods in commercial kitchens: one is for a single cooking appliance, the other is for multiple cooking appliances. The face velocity of 60 fpm (0.3m/s) at the exhaust hoods opening is usually adopted as typical ventilation rate in Japanese commercial kitchen. Though the larger size of exhaust hoods opening increase the ventilation requirements, the amount of heat generation from cooking appliances under the exhaust hood is not reflected to the ventilation requirements. It seems to be necessary to know the ventilation requirements of exhaust hoods for multiple cooking appliances because the cooking appliances installed over multiple cooking appliances are various characteristics of heat generation. We investigated whether the sum of the ventilation requirements of exhaust hoods installed over each single cooking appliance is regarded as the ventilation requirements of exhaust hood for multiple cooking appliances. We measured capture efficiencies of exhaust hoods installed over single and multiple cooking appliances. Provided that the permissive level of capture efficiency is 90 percent, the ventilation rates of exhaust hoods for a fryer, noodle cooker, and IH table (single cooking appliance) were 253 cfm (430m3/h), 221 cfm (375m3/h), 194 cfm(330m3/h), respectively. The ventilation rates of exhaust hoods for a fryer with two IH tables and a noodle cooker with two IH tables (multiple cooking appliances) were 430 cfm (730m3/h) and 470 cfm (800m3/h), respectively. The sum of the ventilation rates of exhaust hoods for a fryer with IH tables and a noodle cooker with IH tables were 642 cfm (1090m3/h) and 610 cfm (1035m3/h), respectively. The sum of the ventilation rates for single cooking appliances is higher than that measured in the case of exhaust hoods for multiple cooking appliances. These results indicate that the capture and containment performance of exhaust hoods for multiple cooking appliances is higher than that of exhaust hoods for single cooking appliances. The size of exhaust hood’s opening for multiple cooking appliances is large compared with the exhaust hoods for single cooking appliances. Therefore it is easy for the exhaust hoods for multiple cooking appliances to capture thermal plumes even if thermal plumes are expanded by air disturbance. It suggests that the sum of the ventilation rates for single cooking appliances is the simplest way to estimate the ventilation rates for multiple cooking appliances.
2 Analysis of Contaminant Flow Path and Laboratory Ventilation Effectiveness (ST-16-C004)
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Kishor Khankari, Ph.D., AnSight LLC |
The main goal of laboratory ventilation systems is to maintain certain levels of contaminant concentrations to provide safe environment for all personnel at all locations within the laboratory space. Laboratories frequently employ high ventilation rates with single pass outside air without any recirculation which makes laboratory ventilation systems energy intensive. The locations of supply and exhaust air play important role in determining the flow path of the supply air. Ideally the supply air should effectively sweep the laboratory space over the contaminant sources and dilute the contaminant levels without significant air recirculation. This paper with the help Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis will evaluate the impact of various parameters on the effectiveness of contaminant removal. These parameters include the supply airflow rate, supply and exhaust locations, contaminant generation rates and locations of contaminant sources, and type of exhaust systems involving exposure control devices. Ventilation effectiveness will be evaluated by analyzing three dimensional distribution of contaminant concentration along with the three dimensional airflow patterns in the space. This analysis will provide valuable insights to practicing and design engineers related to the design and operation of laboratory ventilation systems.
3 A Hybrid Turbulence Model Coupling Strategy for CFD Simulation of a Data Center Model (ST-16-C005)
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Cheng-Xian Lin, Ph.D., Florida International University |
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Long Phan, Florida International University |
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Bin Liu |
Although full-field simulation using computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer (CFD/HT) tools can be applied to predict the flow and temperature fields inside data centers, their running time remains the biggest challenge to most modelers. From a simulation standpoint, there are still rooms for improving the speed of a full-field simulation process of a CFD/HT model whose bounded domain mostly consists of inviscid regions such as data center. Since the inviscid domain is mainly solved using Euler equations, the computing time for it is much faster than solving full Navier-Stokes equations with turbulent models for viscous domains. However, it is less desired to fully replace the viscous regions due its incapability of capturing the physics in these regions such as turbulence. Therefore, if inviscid domain is solved simultaneously with viscous domain, both the speed and accuracy will be much improved. In this paper, the inviscid-viscous coupling strategy is introduced in the solution domain to drastically reduce the running time while preserving the accuracy of a data center model. New criteria for dividing the inviscid, viscous regions, as well as interface region are presented. Step by step instruction on how to construct such regions for a data center model is also provided. The results show this approach’s superb simulation speed, while the accuracy is mostly retained from a full CFD/HT simulation.
8:00 AM-9:00 AM
Seminar 3
U.S. EPA Guidance for Protecting Indoor Air Quality during School Building Upgrades
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
222 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Dawen Lu, P.E., Lu + Smith ENGINEERS, PLLC
Technical Committee: 09.07 Educational Facilities
A school’s indoor environment can have significant impacts on health and learning. It is important to protect IAQ during school building upgrades, including energy-efficiency upgrades. There can be a mistaken impression that energy efficiency and IAQ are at odds with each other. When energy efficiency and IAQ protection goals are integrated, schools can achieve strong results in both areas. Alternatively, if careful attention is not paid to the interaction between energy management and IAQ, occupant health can suffer. The U.S. EPA recently released Energy Savings Plus Health: IAQ Guidelines for School Building Upgrades, and this new guidance is presented.
1 Energy Savings Plus Health: IAQ Guidelines for School Building Upgrades
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Gregory Brunner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
EPA developed “Energy Savings Plus Health: Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for School Building Upgrades” to help school officials protect and improve indoor air quality (IAQ) during building upgrades, including energy efficiency upgrades. This presentation will provide background on why EPA developed this Guide, how the Guide is structured, and an overview of 23 priority IAQ issues that should be addressed during school building upgrades. The Guide includes assessment protocols, and recommended actions to be followed for each priority issue during the school building upgrade process.
2 Energy Savings Plus Health: School Building Checklist Generator
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Gregory Brunner, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
The “Energy Saving Plus Health – School Building Upgrade Checklist Generator” is a tool for use with EPA’s new Energy Savings Plus Health Guide. The Checklist Generator can be used to create customized checklists for each individual project. Users can select from a menu of typical building upgrade activities, as applicable to their project. It helps verify that the assessments and recommended actions have been performed to protect/enhance IAQ during the building upgrade. This presentation will provide an overview of the Checklist Generator tool, and identify other resources available to users of EPA’s new guidance for school building upgrades.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 5
Recent Developments with Windows
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
224 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Marilyn Listvan, Ph.D., Listvan & Assoc., Consulting
As buildings continue to strive to reduce energy consumption we must look at building fenestration to minimize building heat loss and heat gain. This session evaluates options to improve window u-factor and solar heat gain while comparing occupant satisfaction based on comfort, control and visibility. This session also discusses a method for determining cost effective building envelopes for passive house applications, including glazing, insulation and window to wall ratio.
1.00 Benefits of Interior Installed High Performance Insulating Glass for Commercial Retrofit Applications: A Case Study (ST-16-C012)
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Tracy Rogers |
Buildings account for roughly 40 percent of all energy consumption in the United States, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). As a result, improving the energy efficiency of buildings should be a top priority for building owners, design professionals, utility companies, allied industries, the federal government, and cities across the country. These diverse groups are working not just to build efficient new construction, but also to improve aging properties through energy retrofits.
Energy retrofits for commercial buildings focus on installing high-efficiency boilers, motors, and lighting. However, efficiency gains from equipment can be offset by occupant discomfort due to inefficient windows, which can account for 25 percent of a typical building’s heating load in cold climates and 50 percent of the cooling load in warm climates, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Because equipment is sized to service a specific building’s needs, improving a building’s envelope should be addressed first, so that smaller equipment can be specified, saving on the upfront and ongoing costs.
A variety of options exist for improving the energy performance of existing commercial glazing systems including: Application of interior window films – solar heat gain. Complete window rip-out and replacement – solar heat gain and improved U-factor. Interior commercial storm windows - improved U-factor. Interior installed Low-E retrofit insulating glass unit - solar heat gain and improved U-factor
Each alternative has specific performance benefits and associated cost and convenience implications. Solar heat gain is a primary problem with most commercial buildings having lower performance, single-glazing, regardless of climate zone. This leads to increased cooling loads, larger sizing of HVAC equipment, higher energy costs and lower occupancy comfort levels. Any improvement in the glazing system should incorporate technology to reduce the impact of solar heat gain through the use of high performance low-e coatings. Concurrently for heating dominant climate zones, a substantial reduction in U-factor acts in parallel to reduce HVAC demand for heating, reduces energy costs and improve occupancy comfort levels.
This paper compares the performance benefits, cost implications and occupancy comfort factors for each of these systems with a focus on the advantages of an interior installed low-e retrofit insulating glass unit. Such a system has been demonstrated to provide the full benefits of a rip-out and replacement at approximately 40% of the installed cost. It includes independent case study energy analysis, installation and cost comparison, testimonial on occupancy comfort and sustainability attributes.
2.00 Occupants' Preferences and Satisfaction with the Visual Environment in Perimeter Zone Offices: A Field Study in a Building with Advanced Technology (ST-16-C013)
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Seyed Amir Sadeghi, Purdue University |
As a result of architectural trends, technological advances and increasing focus on energy efficiency, buildings with high performance envelope and HVAC systems, large window-to-wall ratio, motorized window shades, smart lighting controls and Building Automation Systems (BAS) have found their way into the market. With a focus on this building type and dynamic environments such as offices in perimeter zones, this paper presents results of a long-term field study with a large number of human test-subjects, aiming to advance our understanding of (a) occupants’ interactions with shading and electric lighting control systems; and (b) their preferences and satisfaction with the visual environment.
To investigate the impact of environmental control on occupants’ comfort, satisfaction level and subjective productivity, four identical side-by-side offices with different control setups and interfaces, ranging from fully automated to fully manual and from low-level of accessibility (wall switches) to high-level of accessibility (remote controllers or modular web interfaces) were selected for the purpose of this study. The experimental study includes monitoring of physical variables, actuation and operating status of building systems and online surveys of occupants’ perception of environmental variables as well as their personal characteristics and attributes.
Compared to previous studies conducted in buildings with non-motorized blinds and artificial lights without dimming options, our results show substantial differences in dynamics and frequency of human-shading and –electric lighting interactions for buildings equipped with this advanced technology. Moreover, it was found that comfort with amount of light and visual conditions, satisfaction with window view, and subjective productivity are all maximized in offices with manual control setups and occupants are comfortable with a wide range of indoor illuminance when they have control over their environment. These results also demonstrate occupants’ strong preference for customized indoor climate and the outcomes support the development of personalized controls, which will be discussed in the paper.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 7
Building Water Systems: Issues and Insights from Outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
223 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Joshua Ince, P.Eng., Eldon Water Inc
Technical Committee: 03.06 Water Treatment
This session delves into understanding issues that are associated with recent and past outbreaks. It dispels popular myths of Legionella bacteria and Legionnaires' Disease, while introducing insights to aid system designers, facility managers and public health inspectors to collectively lower the risk of Legionella amplification within building water systems. Improved understanding of this disease's root causes will allow the usage of appropriate legislation that is effective in reducing human exposure to Legionella. The expert panel answers questions regarding lessons learned from first-hand outbreak investigation experience, issues with conflicting code requirements and actions required to minimize incidence of Legionnaires' disease.
1 Why Legionella Is a Problem in Building Water Systems: Keys to Prevention
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Janet Stout, Ph.D., Special Pathogens Laboratory
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A short presentation on why Legionella is a problem in building water systems, from a microbiological point of view, and what specific actions prevent the bacteria from amplifying.
2 Lessons Learned from Potable Water Outbreak Investigations: Issues with Public Health and Plumbing Codes
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Tim Keane, Legionella Risk Management Inc. |
This presentation will review past outbreak situations and what the investigations revealed. Understanding how current plumbing codes and inspection/enforcement affects the success of controlling the problem.
3 Policy Consequences of Outbreaks: Who Got It Right?
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Sarah Ferrari, Evapco Inc |
A large outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in the Bronx in 2015 prompted NYC to enact law and
NYS to propose emergency regulations on the registration and maintenance of cooling towers.
This paper describes the fundamental characteristics of airborne vs. waterborne outbreaks and
discusses the Bronx outbreak from those perspectives. Ultimately a case is made that these new
regulations will not have a measurable impact on reducing the incidence of Legionellosis.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 8
Comfort Challenges in Commercial Kitchens
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
226 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Russell Robison, Gaylord Industries
Technical Committee: 05.10 Kitchen Ventilation
CoSponsor: 04.01 Load Calculation Data and Procedures
With today’s intense focus on energy efficiency in our commercial buildings, kitchens present perhaps the greatest challenge of all. Balancing the most energy intense segment of our buildings with the oftentimes overlooked comfort of our kitchens must be a focus moving forward. This seminar presents the findings illustrating some of the current obstacles in this area and what our community is doing to bring back the balance.
1 Thermal Comfort in Commercial Kitchens: a Real-World Perspective!
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Donald Fisher, P.Eng., Fisher Consultants |
The restaurant industry in the United States is the second largest private-sector employer with a workforce of nearly 13 million. And while engineers designing HVAC systems for foodservice facilities recognize the importance of thermal comfort, the extent to which this design goal has been compromised has not been well documented by ASHRAE. This information gap became the catalyst for RP-1469, “Thermal Comfort in Commercial Kitchens.” The study focused on documenting the thermal environment, both winter and summer, in 100 food service facilities. Key findings of this study are presented in context with the author’s 40-year experience in commercial foodservice.
2 Latent and Sensible Loads in Commercial Kitchens and Dishrooms
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Richard Swierczyna, Frontier Energy / Food Service Technology Center |
Commercial kitchens and dishrooms house the equipment that generate the most intensive concentrations of sensible, latent and moisture loads in the commercial foodservice sector. This presentation will include recent ASHRAE and industry data, and design recommendations for the the sensible, latent and moisture loads from kitchen equipment such as dishwashers, griddles, fryers, ovens and countertop appliances.
3 Considering Additional Loads Associated with Un-Tempered Kitchen Makeup Air
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Jimmy Sandusky, Halton Company |
Balancing energy efficiency, hood performance and thermal comfort is a difficult task for the commercial kitchen HVAC designer. The need for makeup air in a commercial kitchen is well understood, but delivery strategies can vary widely. Supplying un-tempered air at or near the kitchen hood is a common strategy and is a prescriptive option for California Title 24 compliance. Although sometimes suitable in mild climates, un-tempered air can add loads that must be accounted for in the HVAC design. This seminar presents this information for a variety of climate zones and best practice strategies for makeup air delivery.
4 Dew Point Designs for Commercial Kitchens
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Greg DuChane, Oregon State University |
ASHRAE 1449 RP reported that the majority of commercial kitchens are uncomfortable. Operating temperatures of 85⁰ to 90 ⁰F were reported for many kitchens. At these temperatures control of space humidity is critical to staff comfort. Kitchen HVAC designs must include consideration of the water used in many cooking and cleaning operations and consider the additional moisture that may be supplied thru unconditioned MUA systems in order to properly address kitchen comfort. This presentation will evaluate how HVAC designers may use dew point designs to improve staff comfort and safety in commercial kitchens.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 16
Energy Saving and Thermal Comfort Comparison of Different Heating Distribution Systems in Commercial and Residential Buildings
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
228 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Reza Ghias, Ph.D., Southland Industries
Technical Committee: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
The air distribution systems play an important role in thermal comfort and energy consumption in commercial and residential buildings. The flow rate, temperature and location of the supply air affect the thermal comfort, temperature stratification and particle transportation in a room. Owners and engineers are more encouraged to improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) as its impact on human performances and energy saving is getting more important for the companies. The speakers compare different types of the heating distribution systems and show how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can address their design challenges and efficiencies.
1.00 Air Distribution and Ventilation Effectiveness with All-Air Heating Systems
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Atila Novoselac, Ph.D., The University of Texas at Austin |
The room air distribution in the occupied zone affects pollutant transport, temperature field, and draft risks. With all-air heating systems, buoyancy of a hot supply air from a celling diffuser often prevents proper air distribution in the room causing large temperature stratification and stagnant zones. This presentation shows velocity and temperature distribution in the room with all-air heating system, when considering different flow rates and supply air diffuser types. The study compares temperature stratification, air diffusion performance index (ADPI), and ventilation defectiveness (VE). It identifies types of diffusers and operation conditions that are suitable for all air-heating systems.
2.00 Using Stratified Air Systems for Heating Mode
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Mikhail Koupriyanov, P.Eng., Price Industries Limited |
Stratified air systems such as displacement ventilation and underfloor technologies have seen increased usage in North America in many types of installations. Both types of systems are driven by thermal buoyancy and are primarily used for cooling where they can potentially decrease energy consumption and improve indoor air quality. Although there is plenty of guidance on proper design of these systems for cooling their use in climates where heating is also required is not as straightforward. Design guidance is provided through project examples in several climate zones. CFD is used to assess the predicted performance of the presented design options.
1:30 PM-3:00 PM
Seminar 17
Plumbing System Design Criteria to Minimize the Potential for Legionella Growth
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
227 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Tim Keane, Legionella Risk Management Inc.
Technical Committee: 06.06 Service Water Heating Systems
CoSponsor: 03.06 Water Treatment
ASHRAE 188-2015 provides legionella risk management requirements for the design and operation of plumbing systems. ASHRAE Guideline 12, being updated, provides direction on how to accomplish them. Legionnaires' disease, a disease of plumbing systems, is frequently caused by issues related to plumbing system design. Misperceptions are all too common and many think it is an accident that can't be avoided. This seminar focuses on the design, construction and commissioning of building potable water systems. A discussion from three different perspectives, the key factors impacting Legionella growth in piping systems: velocity, turnover, temperature, materials and complexity of components is held.
1 Are Energy Efficiency and Legionella Risk Mitigation at Odds?
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Gary Klein, Gary Klein and Associates, Inc. |
The rules for plumbing design were codified shortly after World War II. Since then, flow rates and fill volumes of plumbing fixtures and appliances, have been reduced. However, the math for sizing pipe has not yet been revised to account for these reductions. This effect is very noticeable in hot water distribution systems, where lowering flow rates increases the time for hot water to arrive, resulting in much less energy savings than would have been expected. This presentation will discuss this and other unintended consequences of water use efficiency measures and provide practical means of mitigating the negative impacts.
2 The Role Materials Can Play in Legionella Risk Mitigation
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Jeff Ramey, United Technologies, Carrier Corporation |
Risk minimization strategies for biofilm and bacteria prevention need to include consideration of piping system materials. Research and real-world experience shows that piping material affects biofilm growth rates and chlorine consumption in water, while common disinfectants used to prevent bacterial growth have significant impacts on piping system integrity. Best-in-class materials should possess resistance to bacteria and biofilm growth, and to all forms of chlorine disinfection. Attendees will see evidence of why chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) possesses both of these forms of resistance, and should be strongly considered by designers as part of their risk minimization strategy.
3 Lessons Learned from Failure Analysis
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Tim Keane, Legionella Risk Management Inc. |
Henry Ford said “The only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing.” Legionnaires' disease outbreaks are worst-case failures typically resulting in multiple illnesses and deaths. The subsequent costs associated with investigation, remediation, control and frequently litigation can be from the hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of dollars. This presentation will provide lessons learned from engineering analysis of Legionnaires' disease outbreaks investigations in varying building types across the US.
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Seminar 29
Why Be Concerned with Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentration?
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
226 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Hoy Bohanon, P.E., Hoy Bohanon Engineering PLLC
Sponsor: SSPC 62.1
Indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) has long been discussed in the context of ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ), focusing on the impacts of CO2 on building occupants, how CO2 concentrations relate to perception of bioeffluents, the use of indoor CO2 to estimate ventilation rates and demand control ventilation. While measured indoor CO2 concentrations are rarely close to health guidelines, much confusion has resulted regarding CO2 in ventilation and IAQ standards. Is there anything in recent research that indicates that we should revise ASHRAE's approach to CO2 in standards and guidelines?
1 Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Standards
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Andrew Persily, Ph.D., National Institute of Standards and Technology |
Indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) has long been discussed in the context of ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ), focusing on the impacts of CO2 on building occupants, how CO2 concentrations relate to perception of bioeffluents, the use of indoor CO2 to estimate ventilation rates, and demand control ventilation. While measured indoor CO2 concentrations are rarely close to health guidelines, much confusion has resulted regarding CO2 in ventilation and IAQ standards. This presentation addresses the relevance of CO2 concentrations to these standards based on their relation to indoor bioeffluent levels and odors and to ventilation rates per person.
2 Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Effects on Subjective and Physiological Responses and Mental Work
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Pawel Wargocki, PhD, Technical University of Denmark
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The archival literature was reviewed to examine whether exposures to carbon dioxide (CO2) at the concentrations typically occurring indoors would create the risks for building occupants as regards their comfort, health and cognitive performance. Laboratory experiments were performed with human subjects exposed to different levels of CO2 lower than the occupational 8-hour limit of 5,000 ppm to further examine whether CO2 should be considered a toxic pollutant at the levels typically occurring indoors. Should the role of CO2 in the context of ventilation and indoor air quality change? This presentation shows the results.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 13
Occupant Predictions and Thermal Comfort
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
226 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Helen R. Cerra, ChemTreat, Inc.
This session addresses the difference in modeled occupancy behavior and actual building usage. The session also evaluates the perception of space temperature and thermal comfort and how one's climate and culture may alter this perception.
1 An Agent-Based Occupancy Simulator for Building Performance Simulation (ST-16-C037)
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Tianzhen Hong, Ph.D., LBNL |
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Xuan Luo, Carnegie Mellon University |
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Tianzhen Hong, Ph.D., LBNL |
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Sarah Taylor-Lange, Ph.D., LBNL |
Traditionally, in building energy modeling (BEM) programs, occupancy inputs are deterministic and less indicative of real world scenarios, contributing to discrepancies between simulated and actual energy use in buildings. This paper presents an agent-based occupancy simulator, which models each occupant as an agent with specified movement events and statistics of space uses. The simulator allows users to group occupants with similar behaviors as an occupant type to reduce the amount of data inputs. It is a web-based tool with graphical user interface, cloud computing and data storage. Two case studies were presented to demonstrate the integration of the occupancy simulator with EnergyPlus and obFMU. The first case study only replaced the occupancy schedules with the one generated by the occupant simulator. The second case study included the replacement of the occupancy schedules as well as the occupant’s control behaviors of lighting, window, and HVAC systems. The results indicated that the occupant simulator can capture the diversity of the behavior rather than the weekly profiles, and can generate realistic occupancy schedules to support building performance simulation.
2 An Evaluation of Recent Models in Demand Side Flexibility: The Case of Thermal Comfort Systems in Office Buildings (ST-16-C038)
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Wim Zeiler, Eindhoven University of Technology |
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Kennedy O. Aduda, Eindhoven University of Technology |
Building based demand side flexibility has been identified as critical for successful integration of renewable energy resources in electrical power grids with little or no possible instability and loss of reliability. Also, it has been indicated that thermal comfort systems in buildings are an integral part of demand side flexibility. A number of models have been proposed for harnessing thermal comfort systems in buildings as demand side flexibility. These models have mostly been evaluated for application in residential buildings. In a pioneer attempt, this paper uses year-long practical comfort and energy performance case study data to evaluate some recently proposed demand side flexibility models in office buildings. The data was collected using process based energy consumption meters and whole building comfort sensors installed in the building. Next, potential flexibilities were then estimated using practical data along the frameworks proposed by identified demand side flexibility models. Evaluation of these models were then done based on metrics that emphasise practicability and cost effectiveness. Analysis is within the context of electricity supply chain in the Netherlands and assumes for cost effectiveness participation of office buildings in the Amsterdam Power eXchange (APX) day-ahead auction and the Dutch balancing energy market under the proposed framework for flexibility management by European based CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group. Evaluation results suggests additional proposals on constraints and practical considerations when using these models for non-residential buildings like offices.
3 Thermal Comfort and Perception inside Air-Conditioned Areas (ST-16-C039)
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Kyle Reed, Ph.D., The University of South FLorida |
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Ahmad Manasrah, University of South Florida |
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Rasim Guldiken, Ph.D., University of South FLorida |
This study describes and compares the results of multiple field surveys about thermal comfort inside air conditioned buildings in two different countries. The field studies were conducted in classrooms at The University of South Florida, Tampa, USA. Only one field study took place in a shopping mall in Amman, Jordan. All studies were conducted in the summer of 2014. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temperature perception of humans in closed areas based on the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 55 and to understand whether or not these areas are within the acceptable level of thermal comfort. The study also investigates the influence of culture and climate on temperature perception and thermal comfort. The classroom studies consisted of 14 multiple-choice questions that have been distributed to 100 students so far. The shopping mall study consisted of two multiple-choice questions that were asked to 100 random people. The results of the studies showed significant differences in temperature perception and prediction between genders. The results also showed that participants from the shopping mall reported an average of "neutral" thermal sensation even though the thermal environment in the building was not thermally comfortable according to ASHRAE standard 55.
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Conference Paper Session 14
Ventilation Requirements in Health-Care
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
223 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Roger Lautz, P.E., Affiliated Engineers, Inc.
The first two papers in this session compare ventilation standards from four countries, the U.S., Germany, The United Kingdom and Spain, for both operating rooms and patient bed areas. The third presentation discusses ventilation requirements in outpatient facilities in the context of both patient protection and energy use.
1 Minimum Ventilation Requirements in Operating and Procedure Rooms: A Comparison of International Standards (ST-16-C040)
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Travis R. English, P.E., Kaiser Permanente |
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Maya Salabasheva, P.E., Kaiser Permanente |
There are significant differences in international health care ventilation standards. This paper is one in a series of benchmarking investigations of those variances. These studies identify and capture best practices from among the international standards.
This paper compares minimum ventilation requirements for operating rooms and procedure rooms, from four international standards. The standards compared are; ASHRAE-170 Ventilation for health care facilities (US), DIN-1946 – VAC systems in buildings and rooms used in the health care sector (Germany), HTM-03-01 Specialized ventilation for health care premises (UK), and UNE 100713 Instalaciones de acondicionamiento de aire en hospitales (Spain).
The comparison identifies the minimum (i.e. most permissive) ventilation requirements in six different requirement areas: outdoor air ventilation, total room air ventilation, supply air filter efficiency, room temperature, room humidity and room pressurization. Results are normalized to common units, compared and discussed in context of the four standards.
2 Minimum Ventilation Requirements in Patient Bed Areas: A Comparison of International Standards (ST-16-C041)
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Travis R. English, P.E., Kaiser Permanente |
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Maya Salabasheva, P.E., Kaiser Permanente |
There are significant differences in international health care ventilation standards. This paper is one in a series of benchmarking investigations of those variances. These studies identify and capture best practices from among the international standards.
This paper compares minimum ventilation requirements for operating rooms and procedure rooms, from four international standards. The standards compared are; ASHRAE-170 Ventilation for health care facilities (US), DIN-1946 – VAC systems in buildings and rooms used in the health care sector (Germany), HTM-03-01 Specialized ventilation for health care premises (UK), and UNE 100713 Instalaciones de acondicionamiento de aire en hospitales (Spain).
The comparison identifies the minimum (i.e. most permissive) ventilation requirements in six different requirement areas: outdoor air ventilation, total room air ventilation, supply air filter efficiency, room temperature, room humidity and room pressurization. Results are normalized to common units, compared and discussed in context of the four standards.
3 Application of Health Care Ventilation Standards to Outpatient Facilities (ST-16-C042)
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Maya Salabasheva, P.E., Kaiser Permanente |
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Travis R. English, P.E., Kaiser Permanente |
This paper is a result of tireless pursuit of reducing health sector energy consumption and associated climate footprint. Fossil fuel combustion related to energy use in buildings produces not only global warming gases such as carbon dioxide, but also series of other pollutants that contribute to the environmental burden of diseases and the increase of healthcare costs.
This paper outlines three alternatives for addressing ventilation in outpatient facilities, within and out of the context of the current ASHRAE Standard 170 “Ventilation for Health Care Facilities”. It compares the current requirements of Standard 170 to those of B occupancy areas in outpatient health care facilities such as medical office buildings (MOBs) and ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs).
11:00 AM-12:00 PM
Seminar 30
It’s Official: ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Is for Residential Buildings
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
227 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Devin A. Abellon, P.E., Uponor
Technical Committee: 06.05 Radiant Heating and Cooling
Sponsor: Residential Building Committee, SSPC 55
CoSponsor: 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment
In a 2014 official interpretation ASHRAE ruled that Standard 55 is applicable to houses. It has been referenced in ASHRAE 62.2 for many years and is listed as a residential resource at the ASHRAE website. Thermal comfort is becoming a front and center issue in residential buildings. Leading the way in research and Standard develop is ASHRAE SSPC 55 and cognizant committee T.C. 2.1. This seminar gives those interested in using Standard 55, a background in its development, current available modelling tools and how to use it for housing projects.
1 A Practitioner's Guide to ASHRAE Standard 55 in Residential Buildings
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Abhijeet Pande, TRC Solutions |
In a 2014 official interpretation ASHRAE ruled that Standard 55 is applicable to houses. It has been referenced in ASHRAE 62.2 for many years and is also listed as a residential resource at the ASHRAE website. Thermal comfort is becoming a front and center issue in residential buildings. Leading the way in research and Standard develop is ASHRAE SSPC 55 and cognizant committee T.C. 2.1. This seminar gives those who are interested in using Standard 55 a background in its development, current available modelling tools and how to use it for housing projects.
2 Case Study: Using ASHRAE Standard 55 to Solve Potential Comfort Problems in a Cold Climate Residence
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Robert Bean, R.E.T., P.L.(Eng.), Indoor Climate Consultants Inc. |
Case study:ASHRAE Standard 55 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy can be a valuable tool for identifying potential thermal comfort problems in homes. By defining difficult zones, proactive decisions can be made to improve the enclosure in those specific areas and/or develop hybrid mechanical solutions as preventive measures. This seminar demonstrates how the Standard and on-line tool was used to solve potential problem zones in a cold climate residence.
8:00 AM-9:30 AM
Seminar 36
Standard 62.2-2016 Revisions and Impacts
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
223 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Max H. Sherman, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Sponsor: Residential Building Committee
Standard 62.2 is the most used and only ANSI-approved residential ventilation standard in the country. It has continuously evolved to meet the needs of the residential market since 2003. The latest version is just hitting the streets now. It covers a larger span of the market than before, includes new flexibilities and provides a host of small improvements. This seminar teaches the new compliance requirements, discusses what has changed, examines the application of the revised standard in existing homes and describes ongoing initiatives and options being explored by the committee.
1 Standard 62.2-2016: Overview and Major New Changes
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Paul W. Francisco, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
The 2016 edition of ASHRAE Standard 62.2 – Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality for Residential Buildings – has just been released. This presentation provides an overview of the standard’s requirements, as well as a brief discussion of addenda that have been incorporated since the 2013 edition, including two significant scope changes.
2 Tips and Traps for Existing Home Ventilation Strategies Under 62.2
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Richard Karg, Residential Energy Dynamics |
Application of Standard 62.2 in existing homes can range from relatively easy to exceptionally challenging depending on age of the home, its physical characteristics, and quality of construction. This presentation provides guidance on cost-effective compliance with 62.2 in existing homes while avoiding unintended consequences.
3 Equivalence and Superposition in ASHRAE 62.2
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Iain Walker, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |
Standard 62.2-2016 added a new section that includes provisions for real-time tracking of variable ventilation. Smart ventilation controls are permitted to shift ventilation from times of high energy penalty to lower energy penalty, with the potential for significant ventilation-related energy savings. An ongoing initiative within the committee is an improvement to the calculations that combine natural infiltration with mechanical ventilation. These new calculation methods are intended to account for non-linear air flow interactions. This presentation discusses the technical background behind these changes and give examples of application of the new calculations.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 41
Fellows Debate: Productivity is the Measure of Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
226 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Larry Spielvogel, P.E., Consulting Engineer
Sponsor: College of Fellows, Indoor Air Quality Association
In the Fellows Debate both sides of a controversial subject are debated. Can productivity be measured? Does perception of comfort increase productivity, or is it irrelevant? The science of IAQ is implied in the requirements of standards and other guidance documents. Can the designer and commissioning engineer apply the science effectively? Are comfort, sense of well-being and of health measures of productivity? Is personal productivity a true measure in buildings such as operating theaters and data centers? Can existing science support performance-based definitions? Legally, can the designer or operator be liable for health or productivity or any other such outcome?
Fellows Debate Session Slides
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Larry Spielvogel, P.E., Consulting Engineer |
These are session slides.
1 Speaker 1
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William Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E., Pennsylvania State University |
Will speak 1st in the debate
2 Speaker 2
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Lawrence Schoen, P.E., Schoen Engineering Inc |
Will speak 2nd in the debate
3 Speaker 3
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Don Beaty, P.E., DLB Associates |
Will speak 3rd in the debate
4 Speaker 4
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Richard Rooley, FREng, Project Management Partnership |
Will speak 4th in the debate.
5 Speaker 5
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Derrick A. Denis, Clark Seif Clark, Inc. (CSC) |
Will speak 5th in the debate.
6 Speaker 6
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Donald Weekes, CIH, CSP, InAIR Environmental Ltd.
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Will speak 6th in the debate.
3:30 PM-5:00 PM
Seminar TC
Is Poor Bedroom Ventilation Affecting Your Next-Day Performance?
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
225 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Pawel Wargocki, PhD, Technical University of Denmark
Technical Committee: 02.01 Physiology and Human Environment
Sponsor: SSPC-55
OPEN SESSION: no badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. This seminar discusses how poor air quality negatively affects sleep and reduces next-day performance. Dr. Dennis Loveday, Loughborough University presents "What's Been Happening to Thermal Conditions in UK Bedrooms over the Last Forty Years?" Chandra Sekhar, National University of Singapore, presents "Overnight Air Quality in Bedrooms in Hot and Humid Climates." Dr. Lan Li, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, presents "Sleeping Thermal Environment, Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality." Pawel Wargocki, the Technical University of Denmark, presents "The Effects of Bedroom Air Quality on Sleep and Next-Day Performance."
5:00 PM-6:00 PM
Seminar TC
Indoor Air Quality in Underground Stations and Tunnels: Development of a New ASHRAE Standard
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
223 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Igor Maevski, Ph.D., P.E., Jacobs Engineering
Technical Committee: 05.09 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities
Sponsor: SPC 217
CoSponsor: 04.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling
OPEN SESSION: no badge required; no PDHs awarded; presented during the TC's meeting. This seminar introduces and discusses the development of a new ASHRAE Standard, "Non-Emergency Ventilation in Enclosed Road, Rail and Mass Transit Facilities." Robert Smith of Innerquest, LLC presents "Ventilation System and Equipment Selection Issues in Underground Transit Stations and Tunnels." Yuan Li of Jacobs Engineering presents "Non-Emergency Ventilation Standard for Road Tunnels." David G. Newman of Hatch Mott MacDonald presents "Non-Emergency Ventilation Standard for Rail Tunnels." Mark Colino of Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. presents "Non-Emergency Ventilation Standard for Mass Transit Stations and Tunnels."
9:45 AM-10:45 AM
Conference Paper Session 18
3D Printer Emissions
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
221 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
James F. Sweeney, Texas A&M University
3D printers are being increasingly utilized in industrial, commercial, institutional and residential applications. These printers provide many beneficial applications and their use will grow exponentially in the near future. However, these printers emit nanoscale particulate for which current filtration methods may not be adequate to protect occupants from harmful effects of such particulates. This session assesses potential hazards to occupants of spaces where 3D printers are used, and also examines whether compliance standards are needed in order to protect occupants.
1 Fine Particulate and Chemical Emissions from Desktop 3D Printers (ST-16-C054)
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Aika Davis, Ph.D., UL |
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Marilyn Black, Ph.D., Underwriters Laboratories Inc. |
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Qian Zhang, Georgia Institute of Technology |
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Jenny Wong, Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology |
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Rodney Weber, Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology |
3D printers are used in various applications, by designers and students for their inventions, as well as industrial, medical, and residential purposes. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most common type of desktop 3D printers, where a coil of thermoplastic filament is heated as it extrudes from a nozzle to a moving platform, building the object layer by layer. 3D printers may emit toxic gases and particulates that deteriorate indoor air quality, especially since they are typically operated indoors for hours at a time. Currently, little is known about desktop 3D printer emissions. We have developed a methodology for characterizing and quantifying emissions from an operating 3D printer. The protocol measures for fine particulate and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations over time to determine emission factors and human exposure potentials. Chemical composition and toxicity of raw filaments as well as emitted particulates were also examined. Early findings indicate that 3D printers can be a significant source of indoor air pollution. A review of particulate and VOC emissions from 3D printers using various filaments will be presented. Key factors that influence the emissions and healthier alternatives for consumers will be identified. Implications of this study towards establishing compliance standards for 3D printers and its filaments will be presented.
2 Field Investigations of Nanoscale Particle Dispersion and Deposition Emitted from 3D Printers in Ventilated Spaces (ST-16-C055)
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Zheng O`Neill, Ph.D., P.E., University of Alabama |
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Charles O'Neill, Ph.D. |
Humans typically spend 90% of their time indoors. Indoor air pollution in working places is widely recognized as one of the most serious potential environment risks to human health. Three-dimensional (3D) printers are a growing field with the global 3D printing market projected to grow from $2.5B in 2013 to $16.2B by 2018. Previous studies measured that certain 3D-printers emits large numbers of nanoscale particles. Current MHVAC (Mechanical Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning) system designs have filtration devices with low to zero effective efficiency against nanoscale particles. Furthermore, there is no consideration of a local ventilation system for the spaces occupied by 3D printers. This situation conceptually leads to a high concentration of nanoscale particles and particle cross-pollution amongst different ventilated spaces. High concentrations of nanoscale particles can cause severe health problem for those occupants with long-term exposure to indoor nanoscale particles because of particle deposition deep into the lungs and potentially crossing the barrier into the blood circulation. It is well established that nanoscale particles can trigger inflammation and cause serious cardiovascular and respiratory problems when inhaled. Although there have been limited studies on indoor nanoscale particles emitted from 3D printers, no studies have been reported on their dispersion and deposition in ventilated spaces. This paper presents the preliminary measurement of indoor nanoscale particle concentration levels and surface temperatures from different types of 3D-printers in a ventilated space. The experimental set-up and measurement protocol will be described, followed by some preliminary data analysis. It is expected such data will be used for providing boundary conditions in the latter CFD simulation. The ultimate objective of this research is to understand the impact of MHVAC strategies and designs on indoor air quality in ventilated spaces with 3D printers.
11:00 AM-12:30 PM
Seminar 62
Is It My Home or Is It Me? Latest Knowledge about IAQ in Homes
Indoor Environment: Health, Comfort, Productivity
226 (America's Center Convention Complex)
Chair:
Kevin Kennedy, MPH, CIEC, MS, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics
Technical Committee: Environmental Health Committee
With increasing interest by homeowners in the role environmental exposure in their home might play in the health and well-being of themselves and their families, how much do we know about the role indoor environmental exposure from the building sources serves in causing chronic health conditions vs. the role human activity plays in indoor exposure? Which is more important? This seminar includes experts on different aspects of this discussion. Come and learn about the significant and complicated role both play in health.
1 It Is Definitely You: The Role of Human Activities
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Jeffrey Siegel, Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin
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Dr. Jacobs presents information about studies of indoor environmental quality and health outcomes during weatherization and rehabilitation. The focus will be on building interventions and retrofits that result in reduced air contaminants, reduced moisture balance and improved self-reported health outcomes.
2 It’s You and Me Both: Lessons From IAQ Studies in Multifamily Housing
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Gary Adamkiewicz, Ph.D., Harvard School of Public Health |
Dr. Adamkiewicz presents evidence from studies of environmental exposures and health in multifamily housing to show how environmental problems cluster by site, reinforcing the roles of structure and ‘systems’ in shaping poor indoor environmental quality and health. He offers suggestions on where residents can make the biggest changes, and where ‘top down’ intervention is necessary.
3 Ventilation, Indoor Air and Health Outcomes
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Dave Jacobs |
Occupants are the cause of, and solution to, most residential indoor air quality problems. Thus any comprehensive approach to reduce exposure indoors has to address occupant activities and provide information for occupants to make good decisions. This presentation describes some of the major sources in US homes, including cooking, smoking and e-cigarettes, convenience combustion (e.g., candles), cleaning activities, use of consumer products, resuspension, and outdoor air. Each source is paired with strategies for mitigating exposure from that source. Data from field studies in single family and multifamily residences is used to provide context and specific examples of concentrations and emissions.
4 Ventilation, Indoor Air Quality and Where the CO Comes from
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Paul W. Francisco, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |
This presentation provides results from several recent field studies on indoor air quality in residential retrofit. One focus of the session will be to examine the impact of newer ventilation standards on indoor concentrations of several contaminants indoors, including carbon dioxide, humidity, formaldehyde, radon, and VOCs. The second focus will be to review results from three studies that included an assessment of the source of elevated carbon monoxide in homes.