The archival literature was reviewed to examine whether exposures to carbon dioxide (CO2) at the concentrations typically occurring indoors would create the risks for building occupants as regards their comfort, health and cognitive performance. Laboratory experiments were performed with human subjects exposed to different levels of CO2 lower than the occupational 8-hour limit of 5,000 ppm to further examine whether CO2 should be considered a toxic pollutant at the levels typically occurring indoors. Should the role of CO2 in the context of ventilation and indoor air quality change? This presentation shows the results.