Facts about the adoption rates for different technologies presented at almost every conference this century will be analyzed with the audience as well as their potential obstacles and solutions. Technologies: smart equipment, cloud optimization, automated diagnostics, total integration, performance predictive controls, occupant behavior prediction and self-learning controls.

The findings of a survey among Millennials exploring their slow adoption of new technologies is presented for discussion. Is the main obstacle lack of self-confidence, budgeted time or authority? Does YEA membership make a difference? Does the knowledge of successful stories remove concerns? Are Millennials too busy learning ductwork design to worry about controls? Is higher environmental conscience a strong enough driver in this group? Let's review together!

Until recently, the flagship standard on building energy performance – ASHRAE 90.1 – was silent on its application into these extremely hot climates. This presentation explores the new Climate Zone 0 and the recent changes to Standard 90.1 to expand its building performance guidance to these international locations. The presentation compares and contrasts critical building performance requirements for Climate Zone 0 with previous editions of the standard. It especially focuses on key building envelope and air leakage requirements that critically impact HVAC decisions and ultimate building energy performance. The session concludes with a discussion of additional areas where ASHRAE should expand its standards to address targeted building performance topics in CZ 0 and worldwide.

This presentation demonstrates the correct use of psychrometric calculations in the application of chilled beam systems for the conditioned space.

Having an understanding of how a chilled beam works is the first step to having a successful application. Fully appreciating how that chilled beam is applied and interacts with the rest of the heating and air conditioning system is the second step. All chilled beam projects are similar in design regardless of building type and allows for a quick review by the consultant. In a simple overview, we will review 7 basic steps to chilled beam application so that the start of your project is simplified and accurate.

This presentation focuses on successful installations of chilled beam systems. Correct psychrometric conditions, building pressurization and control sequences are highlighted.

In building design or research processes, building energy simulations are conducted using weather data. There are two types of the weather data for building energy simulations; one is the typical weather year (TWY) to estimate annual cooling/heating load and the other is the design weather data (DWD) to estimate maximum cooling/heating load. In this paper, we propose a new type of year weather data which can be used as both the reference weather year and design weather data, here called as the typical and design weather year (TDWY). The TDWY presented in this paper include each quantile values of multi-year observation data, which means that the TDWY is also used for the versatile design weather data. In this paper, we investigate more detailed property of the TDWY such as the simultaneity of each weather components.

Building dynamic simulation is a mature and advanced technique that has been used for decades to evaluate the thermal performance of building designs and existing buildings. Alternately, some researchers have developed reduced models that represent the thermodynamics of buildings using simple models based in real data. Lumped Parameter Models (LPMs), are lineal dynamic models that can be studied with the techniques developed in systems theory. This work identifies the LPMs that best represent 40 dwellings in the UK, and has applied system theory to study the response of those buildings in frequency to the driving forces of outside temperature, electricity and solar gains. The work has shown that the buildings present a response in frequency similar to low-pass filters with respect to outside temperature.

Temperatures in the Gulf Arab region exceed 50 Celsius during the summer, making cooling one of the biggest issues facing the region. This paper investigates the effect of wind speed, direction and temperature on the air-conditioning system thermal performance in an outdoor shopping and setting area. Moreover, two methods of conditioned air supplying will be tested using displacement diffusers and jet diffusers. The effect of different roof designs will be simulated. Some wind mitigation methods were tested like trees and perforated panels. A three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was built to simulate the air flow and temperature patterns between the buildings. Mass and energy conservation equations were added to the model. K-Turbulence model was in the calculations. In order to validate the numerical model, wind-tunnel tests were carried out and compared with the air-flow patterns from simulations. Comparison between air flow simulations and wind-tunnel results yielded good agreement.

While small diameter (≤5 mm) tube-fin heat exchangers have the potential to improve
performance, successful designs must meet many criteria. Three case studies are presented
to illustrate how optimization techniques can be used to design drop-in 5mm tube-fin
condenser replacements for a domestic refrigerator, a packaged terminal air conditioner, and a window
air conditioner that meet engineering and economic objectives. An optimization method is
applied to heat exchanger simulation tools to evaluate the performance of heat exchanger
simulations to identify optimal configurations that meet many objectives. Results
indicate that these designs can significantly enhance energy-efficiency, reduce
refrigerant charge, and reduce material consumption and cost.

While the interconnections between the tubes of a heat exchanger can have a significant
effect on its performance, this circuitry is difficult to design by hand because of the
large number of possible designs and the nonlinear and discontinuous dependence of the
performance on that circuitry. We formulate the circuitry design as a binary constrained
optimization problem, and apply derivative-free optimization (DFO) algorithms. We apply a
number of existing DFO algorithms to this problem, and demonstrate that they can find
optimal or near-optimal circuitry designs for realistic coil sizes after a limited number
of simulations.

Developments in the Montreal Protocol include the development of a global consensus
to phase-down the use of HFC refrigerants, as well as the continuing transition among
developing countries to phase-out the use of HCFC and introduce HFC as potential
intermediary solution. This presentation covers efforts to develop optimized system designs
for mini-split AC units used in developing and high ambient countries using alternative
lower global warming potential refrigerants. There are available
candidate refrigerants that can be introduced during the current phase-out transition in
order to eliminate a costly 2-step transition from HCFC to HFC and HFC to lower GWP
solutions.

One approach for realizing the potential for both building energy cost savings and the
integration of renewable energy systems (RES) into the power grid involves the proactive
integration of building operation into the power grid by optimizing the operation of
energy sources with time-sensitive electricity price. The operation scheduling problem is
formulated with the RES, electrochemical batteries as energy sources, and the building
envelope as thermal energy storage, and is solved as a mixed integer programming problem.
A case study using the AMPL platform shows that such energy storage technologies provide
an effective way to connect energy supply resources and demands, and facilitate efficient
building operations.

Passenger comfort and ventilation efficiency in cars have attracted the attention of scientists and car manufacturers during the last years due to their potential of improving thermal passenger comfort, increasing efficiency and attended energy reduction. Nowadays, state of the art for the ventilation of passenger compartments of cars is mixing ventilation (MV) which is based on a high mixing degree of inflowing air with cabin air. In cooling cases, this is realized by high-momentum jets of cold air, which enter the cabin at the dashboard. Among the potential benefits of new developed ventilation concepts, are an increased thermal passenger comfort by reducing draughts and simultaneously energy saving potential by increasing the heat removing efficiency (HRE). The latter is of great importance especially for electrically powered cars to improve their range.

Improving comfortable environmental conditions for passengers has been the airlines’ interests in the recent decades. This paper discusses air distribution systems and factors affecting the goal of a healthy and comfortable environment for the passengers and cabin crew. Research was done by using ANSYS FLUENT 17.0 with new features. The standard air distribution systems used in recent air cabin are combined between mixing ventilation and personalized ventilation and this study makes a simple applicable modification on the ventilation system that improves the ventilation efficiency, thus protecting the passengers from being infected by each other. Commercial airplane environmental control systems (ECS) currently mix air ventilation systems, which are necessary to make a safe, thermally comfortable and healthy cabin environment.

A number of studies have shown that air distribution systems on the thermal comfort of occupants can vary depending on locations of diffusers and return outlets and types of ventilation systems. However, few studies have focused on air distribution strategies for serving multiple zones and their effects on local air quality and thermal comfort. Simulation results indicate that temperature distributions of two rooms were a strong function of ventilation type. However, indoor air quality of two rooms was significantly affected by both a ventilation type and an operation strategy. The results suggest that careful consideration is needed for designers and managers in selecting and operating air conditioning system to maximize the ventilation effectiveness and the thermal comfort in multiple zones.

Air-conditioning systems are often designed based on the model experiment and the numerical simulation. However, such study methods spend much time and costs in order to obtain the result. Therefore, the prediction method of indoor thermal environment with less time and cost is required. As for the practical use period, the air-conditioning system controls the supply air temperature and the airflow rate based on the feed-back control system which has temperature sensors. In this paper, Contribution Ratio of Indoor Climate (CRI) is employed to predict the distribution of the air temperature for the sake of the more efficient control system. The vehicle cabin and its air-conditioning system are focused because in-vehicle environment is a relatively severe condition compared with indoor environment of building. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prediction accuracy of the air temperature in vehicle with CRI in order to clarify its applicability.

The buildings in which we live, work, and play have a tremendous impact on our health, wellbeing, and productivity. This presents a unique opportunity to utilize the design, construction, and operation of buildings to promote and improve human health. Numerous green building programs exist that focus on environmental impact and sustainability within the building design and construction industries, but there remains limited guidance on factors that impact the health and wellbeing of occupants. This is a serious gap, as occupants are the reason buildings are constructed, so their needs must be considered.

Relative humidity has a significant impact on indoor buildings and occupants. Specifically relative humidity impacts occupant health and comfort, as well as building energy usage and preservation. The ASHRAE Handbooks reference humidity over 300 times. Recent changes to the building envelope, HVAC equipment, and occupant requirements will impact ASHRAE humidity recommendations. There are many different HVAC product solutions that can be applied based on ASHRAE’s guidance. This seminar highlights some of the significant interactions concerning humidity levels, as well as outlining significant humidity recommendations and gaps.

Light, whether it originates from natural or electrical sources, is a formable stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. Over illumination may cause headaches, fatigue, medically defined stress, anxiety and decreases in sexual function. Under illumination may lead to chronic diseases such as breast & prostate cancers, obesity and early-onset diabetes. When considering standards for building design, it is therefore important to balance the desirable and undesirable impacts of light or darkness. Achieving this balance begins with an understanding of how photoreceptors in the eye function and why different visual and non-visual wavelengths of light cause different responses.

Indoor environments greatly impact human comfort, health, and productivity. To investigate and quantify this impact, a highly controllable and reconfigurable laboratory, the Well Living Lab, was designed and built to simulate real-world office and residential spaces. This presentation provides an overview of the experimental capabilities of the Well Living Lab, which include an integrated and scalable building control system, environmental and biometric sensing, and experiment management system. An overview of on-going and planned human-subject research is also provided.

This seminar introduces the experimental approach and selected test sites used to update the heat gains and diversity factors for different office equipment in the ASHRAE Fundamentals handbook tables. The seminar gives an overview on the data logger’s selection criteria for measurement and calibration purposes as well as the testing duration for different equipment. An overview of the experimental results for both, heat gains and diversity factors is also given. Transient data is shown and some typical and atypical findings are pointed out.

This seminar gives an overview of methods used for the determination of recommended heat gains and diversity factors for different office equipment in the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook tables. In particular, the effects of a number of tested pieces of equipment as well as the interval duration for data reduction are investigated. Analysis on the effect of the different number of tested pieces of equipment and averaging interval on the diversity factor is also discussed. Recommendations for minimum equipment count for determining diversity factors as well as recommendations for future work are given.

Commercial kitchens and dishrooms house equipment that generate the most intensive concentrations of sensible and latent loads. This seminar presents the heat gain findings from RP1631 Countertop Commercial Appliance Emissions along with the updates to the appliance heat gain tables in the handbook.

Building operations are a significant consumer of energy and contributor to carbon emissions in the U.S. and around the globe. Energy audits offer significant potential in reducing building energy use by providing tailored recommendations involving equipment upgrades, operational adjustments and building recommissioning. However, energy audits are a time intensive process that requires significant experience and training. This causes high costs related to performing an audit and prevents many businesses from having an audit completed. Automating the audit process will not only reduce the cost of audits, but clients will be provided with more repeatable and accurate recommendations based on improved data collection and analysis. Previous work and the current state of the art of robotic auditing tools are discussed in this paper, followed by open challenges and future possibilities of autonomous vehicles for conducting audits.

A building owner can use a realistic energy model to understand the future building’s energy performance. But what happens when the design energy model predicted energy use and the utility bills have a significant variance? Can adjusting the energy model to match the utility bill, or calibrating it, successfully identify the cause of the variance? Will this show strategies to bring the actual energy use back in line with the predicted energy use? This paper reviews the calibration effort of a Medical Office Building where the actual energy use was significantly above the predicted energy use.

How energy efficient can commercial and multifamily buildings become in the near future if first cost is not considered? The paper describes how building energy simulation modeling was used to try to answer this question. The first step was to assemble a list of energy efficiency measures that can be included in the design of non-residential buildings. The list included both commonly used and cutting edge energy efficiency measures with the goal of being comprehensive, at least for measures that can be modeled. Input was sought from many people to ensure that the list of measures did not exclude any important ones.

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Making an informed, responsible ethical decision is not as easy as it may seem. This workshop provides tools to enhance your ability to frame engineering and business dilemmas in accordance with ethical principles in order to make the critical and informed decisions in the workplace. You'll learn how to apply an ethical framework to future decision-making – using a model that you can put into practice right away. You'll have a better understanding of ethical challenges, how to analyze them while considering implications for any stakeholders, and how to choose the right course of action based on ethical principles.

This is an interactive session where participants hear about an ethical violation, then break up into small groups and discuss the ethics case adjudicated by the NSPE. Test your ethics IQ against an actual case decided by a board of your peers and obtain ethics continuing education credits in the process. Three cases are presented along with the final outcome.

This is an interactive session where participants hear about an ethical violation, then break up into small groups and discuss the ethics case adjudicated by the NSPE. Test your ethics IQ against an actual case decided by a board of your peers and obtain ethics continuing education credits in the process. Three cases are presented along with the final outcome.

In California there are 70 non-residential and apartment house ZNE projects in 2015, whereas there are 21 ZNE projects in Japan in 2015. Hence, it’s supposed to be a good example for ZNE dissemination in Japan to clarify the problems toward ZNE dissemination in California. This paper addresses the energy performance of a ZNE office building in Northern California from the perspectives of simulation, measurement, verification, and code compliance. Simulations of the building’s energy use were undertaken during the design stage to demonstrate code compliance and measurements of actual energy use were taken for six months after occupancy.

Occupancy plays a significant role in the amount of energy used in buildings and their presence is stochastic in nature. There is extensive evidence to suggest that buildings usually do not perform as well as predicted by energy simulation. Use of unrealistic occupancy data as an input of building energy modelling (BEM) is a major reason behind it. As a result, large discrepancies are being observed between predicted and actual energy performance, typically averaging around 30% and reaching as high as 100% in some cases. This paper covers research that aims to develop an occupancy prediction model using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for improving the accuracy of building energy simulation.

The increase in the electricity bills and the new opportunities to participate in the electricity market has encouraged companies with activities not related to the energy industry to engage and actively participate in the electricity market to reduce costs and become more competitive. With the overarching goal of making cost-effective investments and decarbonizing their operation, the first step to improve these companies’ bottom line is to comprehend their electricity costs. This paper focuses on detailing a methodology to model electricity commercial bills and generate real-time price curves; thus allowing customers to calculate their half-hourly true cost of electricity and to assess the challenges of reaching net zero energy buildings for different UK regions and connection voltage levels, across every month up to the financial year 2019-20.

An accurate building energy forecasting model is the key for real-time control of advanced building energy system and building-to-grid integration. Feature selection, the process of selecting a subset of relevant features, is an essential procedure in data-driven modeling due to its ability to reduce model complexity, increase model interpretability, and enhance model generalization. In building energy modeling research, features are often selected purely based on domain knowledge. There lacks a comprehensive methodology to guide the feature selection process when developing building energy forecasting models. In this research, a systematic feature selection procedure for developing building energy forecasting models is proposed in consideration of statistical data analysis, building physics and engineering practices. The procedure includes three main steps: (Step 1) rule-based feature pre-selection process based on domain knowledge. (Step 2) feature removal process through filter methods to remove irrelevant and redundant variables. And (Step 3) Using wrapper method to obtain the best combinations of features. A case study is presented here using simulated building energy data that are generated from a medium sized commercial building (a DOE reference building). In this study, the energy forecasting model generated by using the proposed systematic feature selection process is compared with other models such as a model that uses conventional inputs, and a model with single feature selection technique. The comparison result shows that, in terms of cross validation error, the model with systematic feature selection process shows much better model performance than other models including that with conventional inputs and that uses only single feature selection technique.

Environmentally-friendly heat pumps operate using reversible adsorption and desorption of hydrogen from metallic compounds, which were incorporated in a cycle having a work input (compressor) or thermal energy input (generator). Some challenges faced by compressor-driven metal hydride heat pumps are poor heat transfer in the metal hydride beds and high compressor discharge temperatures. To overcome these challenges, a metal-hydride slurry in conjunction with various isothermal compression techniques were used. Liquid-flooded, electrochemical and liquid piston compressors were modeled and integrated into a system model in order to assess their impact on the performance of the slurry-based metal hydride heat pump system.

This paper presents the design of elastocaloric cooling system driven by hydraulic actuators. Ni-Ti tubes under axial compressive loading mode are used to provide cooling and heating. Those Ni-Ti tubes are enclosed in four identical beds, which are driven by two one-way hydraulic cylinders. Operated under the single-stage reverse Brayton cycle, the system achieves heat transfer and heat recovery by using a heat transfer fluid network controlled by solenoid valves. System coefficient of performance of 11.0 and temperature lift of 24.6 K are estimated based on a dynamic model developed in our previous study.

This presentation covers an investigation into the design and preliminary results of a room temperature magnetic refrigeration prototype and describes the physical prototype along with its operational and measurement envelopes. General design goals included: A wide range of cycle parameter control, independent fluid and magnetic circuits, extensive measurement capability and compact design. The maximum no-load span recorded was 21 K and the maximum power recorded was 26 W at a span of 1 K. Three cyclical parameters were varied to help determine the optimal cycle for such a machine.

Under ASHRAE Research Project 1699 (RP-1699) we provide an update of the data used both in the “Climatic Design Information” chapter of the 2017 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals and in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 169, “Weather Data for Building Design Standards”. A total of 8118 stations were successfully processed worldwide representing a 26% increase compared to 2013. Reported elements now include monthly average wind speed, wet bulb temperature return periods and monthly-average daily all-sky global horizontal solar radiation. A number of pre-screening and post-processing tools were developed in order to ensure a reliable and useful product.

Air-leakage through building envelopes causes significant energy losses. Air-tightness codes do not account for air-leakage due to wind-driven pressure gradients and thermal resistance codes do not consider any air-leakage effects. Air-leakage needs to be included codes to understand the effects on thermal performance. We calculated effective thermal resistances in 103 locations considering air-leakage effects, to see effects on thermal performance. Simulations showed decreased thermal resistances and increased energy losses in every climate. Varying levels of thermal performance demonstrate relative importance of air-tightness in different climates. Results imply current codes do not accurately represent thermal performance and where air-tightness matters most.

This paper describes two of the unique elements of the advanced control sequences developed for ASHRAE Research Project 1455 (RP-1455): automatic fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) and hierarchical alarm suppression. AFDD is a method used to identify fault conditions and provide possible diagnoses. Hierarchical fault suppression is a method based on hierarchical structure used to reduce the incidence of nuisance alarms. It is written by the members of the research team and is part of the deliverables for this research project. AFDD and hierarchical alarm suppression will further enhance the ability of DDC systems to make intelligent alarm distribution and management decisions.

This presentation discusses fundamental thermodynamic concepts as well as experimental investigations of elastocaloric cooling processes and presents a concept of a potential elastocaloric air conditioning device. Various cooling cycles suitable for elastocaloric cooling are introduced and the process efficiencies are determined based on a graphical approach. The graphical method is validated experimentally with a specially designed scientific test setup, which enables the measurement of mechanical and thermal process quantities under various thermal boundary conditions. The results are compared with the values predicted by the graphical approach. Furthermore, a concept of a continuously operating elastocaloric air cooling device is introduced.

Active magnetic regeneration is one of the most promising alternative technologies for the development of heat pumps and cooling systems for applications near room temperature. Recently, numerous papers have reported on the development of magnetocaloric materials, magnetic circuits, prototypes and cycle optimization. This presentation examines some of the main challenges encountered in the current state of the art technology. It provides an overview of how design choices impact cooling power and work requirements from a system engineering perspective.

One of the most important relationships in the commissioning process is between the commissioning agent, the owner and the engineer of record (EOR). A relationship that requires ongoing coordination with common goals defined from the beginning of the project. But what happens during Design-Build projects when the relationship between the EOR and contractors may result in different goals and can cause a conflict of interest? This paper provides a resource for all commissioning agents participating in a design-build project and offers guidelines to use to navigate from design to construction and to occupancy as effectively as possible.

This paper addresses issues from DGNB refurbishment and explores how a design process can be streamlined to address refurbishment and still preserve the gains from IED. Registration of the existing conditions is a prerequisite for a good design process where the software tools developed to ensure low energy consumption and good indoor climate can be used, and 3D scanning is therefore making a new and important contribution. The paper includes case studies of both ideal and applied design processes from an architectural office that specializes in sustainable projects.

Automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD) methods, followed by corrections, have the potential to greatly improve a building and its system’s performances. Existing AFDD studies mostly focus on component and sub-system AFDD. Much less effort has been spent on detecting and diagnosing faults that have a whole building impact. In this paper, an integrated data driven method: Pattern Matching Principle Component Analysis method, is developed and applied for whole building fault detection. Real building data that contains artificially injected faults and naturally occurred faults are used to evaluate the method’s accuracy and false alarm rate. The method presents great potential to be a cost-effective and accurate whole building fault detection strategy.

This paper explores opportunities for, and impacts of potential regulated energy performance and emission reduction standards for existing buildings in British Columbia. It includes evaluation of four standards – Standard 100-2015, Standard 90.1-2010 (BC Building Code), National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings-2015 and retro-commissioning procedures. Standards are applied to the existing building stock, except low-rise residential buildings, at the time of existing building alterations or repairs that trigger the BC Building Code or Vancouver Building Bylaw.

Thermal comfort quality impacts health care workers’ outcomes and patients’ well-being. However, unlike any other type of indoor environments there is often a great variability in activity levels and health condition among occupants in a health care space that makes it difficult to achieve acceptable conditions for certain groups of occupants without sacrificing other groups. This seminar examines types of wearable sensors, their requirements and mappings in assessing individual thermal comfort and how such individual comfort data can be used to drive the operation of personalized and room indoor climate systems in real-time.

Occupants interact with thermal control devices available in buildings to address their comfort needs/desire; hence, the resulting behavior is an expression of one’s thermal preference. The new generation Personal Comfort System(PCS) with wireless connectivity offers a continuous stream of individuals’ heating and cooling usage data along with occupancy and environmental measurements in real time. This presentation summarizes findings from a field study of 40PCS heated and cooled chairs in an office building and reports the predictive performance of personal comfort models developed from continuous PCS data. Proposed models show an improvement of individuals’ comfort predictions by 20-30% compared to PMV.

Since the human body is governed by the thermoregulation principle to balance the heat flux between the ambient thermal condition and the body itself, skin temperature has a significant role in maintaining the physiological principle. Therefore, the author investigated the potential use of skin temperature and its technical parameters to establish a thermal sensation. This seminar discusses optimally combined skin temperature information collected from selected body areas, and examines how much reliable and applicable the designated skin temperatures are for estimating individual thermal sensations.

In this case study, CFD was used to evaluate roof modifications of an aluminum foundry. The study shows the strategies used to provide an efficient and effective computational model that will provide the key data needed to evaluate the large space and make the right modifications to maintain air temperature limits. The modeler’s understanding of fluid dynamics will be a critical element towards applying appropriate strategies in the development of the CFD model to provide a robust design evaluation tool. Care must be taken in specification of the inputs to a CFD model, and interpretation of results and associated implications.

Natural ventilation is characterized by low driving pressures leading to the need for large ventilation openings. In addition, natural ventilation systems must remove sufficient heat to ensure thermally comfortable conditions. This is particularly challenging in high heat gain spaces such as raked-seat auditoria where heat gains can be as high as 90W/m2. This presentation talks through the design and CFD modeling of a 500-seat theatre in the UK which harnesses buoyancy-driven displacement ventilation to deliver a comfortable and ‘atmospheric’ performance space. Two modeling techniques are used: traditional Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes and Large Eddy Simulation.

Displacement ventilation (DV) has a become a commonly used system in a broad range of applications due to its energy saving potential and superior indoor air quality. There are various rules of thumb that dictate the maximum cooling load that the system can handle. Although using the system for higher cooling loads is not recommended, there are cases where it is still advantageous to do so. This seminar explores the performance of a DV system outside of its normal operating range using CFD. Design guidance will be provided and application-specific trade-offs will be explored.

Natural ventilation is an efficient way of removing high internal heat gains for buildings and its energy saving potentials however depend on many parameters. This presentation reports a series of GIS maps for natural ventilation potentials of North America, similar to the well-known solar potential maps. These maps provide key graphical information of energy saving potentials of both single sided and cross natural ventilation in terms of total hours suitable for natural ventilation and associated energy savings for over 50 cities in the US and 10 cites in Canada.

The current diffuser selection guide described in ASHRAE handbook-fundamentals provides the correlation between diffuser characteristics, such as throw length and types, and its performance to distribute supply air and thereby to optimize space air diffusion. However, the current guideline considers only five diffuser types and the range of sensible cooling loads that is up to four times larger than those we find in today’s energy efferent buildings. This presentation shows the updated ADPI-based guideline that includes 15 diffuser types at lower cooling loads, typical for today’s buildings. The new guideline shows the minimum airflow set-point for a VAV systems.

The performance of air distribution using overhead mixing diffusers is evaluated using ADPI. The ADPI methods is often used for selection of diffusers used for both cooling and heating. However, the current diffuser selection guide confines the application to only cooling mode. This presentation introduces a new ADPI for heating mode and specify the criteria of diffuser selection from the perspectives fluid dynamics and occupant thermal comfort based on ASHRAE Standard-55. The presentation covers the development of the effective draft temperature for heating applications and the resulting ADPIs curves with various diffuser types.

This presentation provides fundamental design data that supports optimal diffuser selection in mixing ventilation with heating and cooling operation. It shows how diffuser adjustment, room-supply air temperature differences and return air grille location impact ADPI and E_V. The study points out connections between ADPI and E_V and shows similarities and differences for heating and cooling operation. It presents the operation characteristic that provide good E_V while maintaining acceptable ADPI. Also, it shows how diffuser adjustment may improve E_V. Furthermore, the presentation shows the cases where return air location may have a significant effect on ADPI and E_V.

The effective draft temperature was experimentally developed in 1949 in Sweden. This is the current equation used to calculate ADPI for cooling. In 1972 Nevins and Miller presented an ASHRAE paper which determined that boundaries for ADPI to obtain a 70% occupant comfort level. After 33 years, this method needed many updates as buildings and air distribution systems changed. The ASHRAE RP 1546 updated and confirmed the ADPI predicted comfort levels using Standard 55. It produced the effective draft temperature equation for heating. Furthermore, it developed ADPI values that can predict thermal mixing in heating.

As cars are parked within an underground parking structure, CO and other exhaust fumes are emitted into the atmosphere. There is a need for an efficient ventilation system that can remove these toxins, circulate fresh air into the garage, and assist fire fighters in the case of a fire emergency. There are two options for this task: ducted or ductless ventilation.

Ducted ventilation is heavily used in the US and other global markets. While this has been the standard for many years, innovations in the field of ventilation have shifted the conventional ventilation system towards ductless designs.

An analytical study is carried out to assess the impact of corrections to nominal test conditions on the measured energy factor for residential water heaters. While test conditions are specified in the method of test, the difficulty in exactly achieving these test conditions in the laboratory necessitates a computational approach to correct the results to nominal conditions. This paper examines the magnitude of those corrections for a range of water heaters of various fuel type, heating method, and size across a number of potential draw volumes during a 24 hour simulated use test.

The impact of the high power requirements of large residential tankless electric resistance water heaters on electric system distribution wiring, transformers, breakers, and other equipment is an area of concern for both electric utilities and builders. This study analyzes how probable and worst case diversified electrical demand of large (28 kW) residential tankless electric water heaters compares to that of 4.5 kW storage water heaters in residential applications as a function of number of households on a given electrical distribution circuit.

Information on hotel hot water use patterns has been limited until now, resulting in most hotel hot water systems being designed using extremely old hot water use data (45-80 years old) that predate the introduction of water and energy efficient fixtures and appliances. In recognition of this fact, ASHRAE funded research project 1544 “Establishing Benchmark Levels and Patterns of Commercial Hot Water Use – Hotels” to both develop a monitoring methodology that could be duplicated by others to collect hot water use data from a larger number of hotels and to obtain updated hot water use information from at least two hotels. This paper compares hot water use results collected for a “travel” hotel which had neither meeting rooms nor food service and a “business” hotel which had both.

This is the fifth paper in a series of technical papers written to describe results of ASHRAE research project 1544. This paper builds on information presented in the project final report, the three previously published papers to present information on using the updated data to select water heating systems for hotels of any desired size and compares results of this sizing method to other hotel hot water system sizing methods described in the ASHRAE Service Water Heating Handbook Chapter through the use of examples.

The outdoor wind and air flow around buildings affect the indoors in several ways. Wind is the primary driver for natural ventilation by exerting pressures (both positive pressure and negative suction) on building surfaces. Wind also can cause building exhausts to migrate outdoors to nearby air intakes and pedestrian locations, creating poor air quality indoors. This presentation focuses on approach wind conditions, the air flow patterns around buildings and wind pressures exerted on buildings. These effects are the fundamental starting place for more detailed ventilation and air quality analyses. Also discussed are modeling methods using CFD and wind tunnel similarity.

There are four types of dispersion models; graphical, analytical, computational and physical. Each one of these models has its appropriate applications, but misapplying a model can result in either an inadequate exhaust design or in an excessive effort (i.e., fees). Therefore, this presentation provides the audience with guidelines on how and when each of these models should be utilized, what the limitations are of each model, and some insight in how to determine if models are being properly utilized.

Laboratory exhaust systems are a central element of high performance science and technology facilities. Air quality, energy efficiency, and operational reliability are deeply impacted by the performance and design of the laboratory exhaust system. This presentation focuses on the design process, considerations, fan basics and control of high performance lab exhaust systems. Brief design application examples will be included to connect fundamentals with practice. The objectives of this presentation are to provide guidance on design team collaboration, insights on lab exhaust design fundamentals and share examples of application.

This paper describes experimental results obtained from running a household dehumidifier overnight and comparing the temperature and humidity changes before and after turning on the dehumidifier, and comparing these changes to the amount of energy used to run the dehumidifier. This work is being performed in response to sustainability goals proposed by the United Nations call for “off-the-shelf” sustainable technologies in third world nations. The objective is to test the energy-saving qualities of dehumidifiers as a method of home heating. The data reduction of the household humidifier first calculates the amount of energy in the form of heat that is generated by the dehumidifier by comparing the change in temperature, time, kWh, and humidity, and applying these changes to the equation for the change in enthalpy in atmospheric air.

This paper presents a new, interior-space, environmental conditioning strategy, referred to as spatially adaptive heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC), where supply air locations within a room are repositioned in response to changing thermal loads or other room conditions. In order to quantitatively examine the technical merits of this concept, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a typical office was created using SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation software and benchmarked using full-scale, experimental, velocity and temperature data from the literature. In light of promising results, a one-fifth scale model office was constructed to examine additional scenarios not covered experimentally in the literature and to validate computer simulations of these scenarios. Initial results from the scale model tests are described, and preliminary engineering concepts for achieving supply register relocation are presented. In addition, the opportunities, challenges, limitations, and potential for energy savings associated with this new strategy are discussed.

Radiant systems are increasingly being used for heating and cooling spaces due to its benefits like better energy efficiency, improved thermal comfort and IAQ. In addition, the radiant systems reduce the ductwork and are aesthetically pleasing. However, the effectiveness of radiant systems for optimal design need detailed study of impact of several parameters. In this paper, detailed CFD simulation of a typical room with radiant panel for cooling has been performed. Typical heat loads from human, lights and computer are considered in the model. Different scenarios of return diffuser location, on floor and on ceiling, are considered. Impact of radiation and buoyancy are modeled in the simulation and typical thermal boundaries are applied for walls, roof and floor. The detailed temperature and flow distribution obtained from simulation are used to evaluate and optimize the cooling system, supply flow requirements and diffuser locations.

This presentation examines measurements of energy and water losses in a residential hot water distribution system using a PEX home-run manifold.

This seminar presents the results of pressure drop testing of pipe, with and without fittings and compares these results to the numbers found in standard engineering reference manuals. A selection of copper, CPVC and PEX piping from 1/4 - 3/4 inch nominal and commonly available elbows at velocities from 1-12 gpm have been tested. The method of tests and the results are presented. Come learn whether these are higher or lower and discuss the implications of not having good numbers for the future of safe, efficient and high performance plumbing design.

Mechanical ventilation accounts for a significant portion of the total energy consumption in large office buildings. The air needs to be transported over large distances through ducts, it requires filtration and needs heating and cooling to condition the ventilated space. Most offices in North America have closed windows, and manually opening these windows for natural airflow is discouraged as this can interfere with the operation of the building’s HVAC system. The recent drive for energy efficiency has created renewed interest in using natural ventilation to reduce energy consumption. This paper suggests a new approach to natural ventilation by using motorized windows controlled by the Building Automation System (BAS) in existing buildings. This paper presents a detailed breakdown and analysis of the simulation results, including an economic feasibility analysis of the application of BAS-controlled motorized windows.

The purpose of this research is to elucidate the influence of overhang of an exhaust hood on the capture and containment of the exhaust hood. The capture and containment performance depends on capturing and containing the thermal plume from cooking appliances. Larger exhaust hood openings seem more able to capture thermal plumes even if they expand due to air disturbance. However, provided that the ventilation rate is the same, the face velocity of exhaust hoods is low of the larger exhaust hood openings. This may prevent containment of the thermal plume from cooking appliances. We prepared an electric fryer and an electric noodle cooker. These devices are typical cooking appliances whose thermal plumes are weak and strong, respectively. The capture efficiencies of exhaust hoods were revealed, including the parameters of overhang length of exhaust hood and ventilation rate.

The K-12 education system is the largest public enterprise in the United States. Public K-12 schools employ approximately three million staff and enroll more than fifty million students. Public schools have an expenditure that includes funds for salaries, benefits, transportation, materials and energy use. Of these expenditures, energy use is often targeted for reduction, which sometimes results in reduced ventilation. While saving energy is desirable, it must be achieved without compromising student health. Lack of proper ventilation can result in a decrease of students’ attention and can cause health-related issues. This paper evaluates how the type of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems installed in schools and HVAC operation conditions affect temporal and spatial distributions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in classrooms.

This paper discusses a systematic experimental study of the effects of operating conditions (i.e. relative humidity and temperature of working air streams) on the transport of water vapor and CO2 (as a major indoor air contaminant) through a series of standard polymeric materials suitable for membrane media used in ERVs’. Results are reported for the permeation experiments of binary mixtures of water vapor and CO2 in five commercial polymers of two major types (glassy and rubber). The selectivity of water vapor over CO2 was also evaluated from permeation experiments. In general, the permeability results suggest that ERV exchangers using polymer membranes can achieve high latent effectiveness (i.e. very high water vapor permeability) over a wide range of operating temperature and relative humidity while maintaining very low CO2 permeability and very low EATR crossover rates (<1%) accordingly.

This presentation focuses on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to predict the performance of an air distribution system inside the built environment. The presentation provides an introduction to CFD and how it can be used effectively to study thermal comfort and indoor air quality. A broad range of examples will demonstrate how CFD can be used to tackle common design challenges in the indoor environment including thermal comfort optimization, enhancement of indoor air quality and air volume reduction, all with the aim of reducing the size and energy usage of the air distribution systems.

Chilled beam systems have been used in Europe for many years, but they've only started to be used recently in the United States. In this study, the effect of the active chilled beam systems on flow and temperature distribution in a typical room with occupants has been investigated using CFD. This presentation explains how a detailed three-dimensional analysis helped find an optimum throw angle for mixed supply air ensuring the thermal comfort level and reducing draft risk in the room.

CFD is commonly used for data center design and operational planning. It provides confidence in routine and innovative designs and enables change in a risk averse operational environment. Yet still more do not take advantage of this technology. One barrier is that accurate prediction for an operational data center requires detailed models. In contrast the designer often doesn’t know what the IT configuration will be. So will garbage in be garbage out? This seminar uses simplified studies to show that sensitivity analysis enables the designer to identify efficient and effective designs perform well despite the uncertainties in IT load/configuration.

In today’s environment volume servers are commonly designed for specific workload types. As a result, in the updated edition of the ASHRAE Datacom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling Applications publication, volume servers and their corresponding power trends are segregated into eight unique workload types. This is a significant change from the 2^nd edition which delineated the power trends only by server size and the number of sockets. In addition, servers are no longer one size and one configuration fits all. These purpose-built servers include specific features and components sized to meet a customer’s workload requirements.

Volume servers are becoming aligned to specific workload types and server configurations to meet customers’ needs. This translates to an increase in server configurations and potentially significantly different power ranges and power trend trajectories even in the same server size. The distinction of servers by workload type and size provides greater accuracy in projecting the power ranges and trends as compared to server size and number of sockets as in the 2^nd Edition of the ASHRAE Datacom Equipment Power Trends. This session discusses the updated power trends over the next decade as a function of eight unique workload types.

The increasing volume server power trends are making it increasing difficult to properly plan for future space, power and cooling needs in the data. This seminar provides assets to help facility planners better understand how to properly apply the updated ASHRAE Datacom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling Applications data. It discusses trends in airflow requirements and how these relate to the data center capabilities for both air and liquid cooling. Examples of how to use these updated guidelines are presented.

A case study in a test house was conducted to investigate the fate and transport of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in residential indoor environments and the influence of temperature. Total airborne concentrations of phthalates were sensitive to indoor temperatures, and their steady-state concentration levels increased by a factor of three with an increase in temperature from 21 to 30 ºC. Strong sorption of phthalates was observed on interior surfaces, including dust, dish plates, windows, mirrors, fabric cloth and wood.

Filtration and ventilation are commonly used to remove or dilute airborne contaminants and improve indoor air quality. This presentation concentrates on the effectiveness of residential HVAC filters for reducing air contaminants in residential buildings. To assess the efficacy of residential HVAC filters, efficiencies and pressure drops of filters of different MERV levels were first measured according to ASHRAE 52.2. Then an indoor air quality (IAQ) model was applied to characterize health-relevant indoor aerosols in different residences with various combinations of filter types and ventilation conditions. Modeling results are discussed in the presentation.

Indoor air pollution is an environmental health risk. The methods of reducing concentration of indoor contaminants vary, depending on the design of the air cleaning device, its location and on the contaminant phase. Air cleaning devices can be categorized by the type of contaminant that they remove, particulate and gas phase. This presentation covers recent studies of various filtration methods and their effectiveness in removal of particulate and gas phase pollutants. Test methods used to assess the performance of air cleaning devices are presented and their applicability to various contaminants is discussed.